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      Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens

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          Abstract

          With increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant pathogens all over the world there is a pressing need for strategies that are capable of inactivating biofilm-state pathogens with less potential of developing resistances in pathogens. Antimicrobial strategies of that kind are especially needed in dentistry in order to avoid the usage of antibiotics for treatment of periodontal, endodontic or mucosal topical infections caused by bacterial or yeast biofilms. One possible option could be the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), whereby the lethal effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a photosensitizer (PS), leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species, e.g., singlet oxygen, which induce phototoxicity immediately during illumination. Many compounds have been described as potential PS for aPDT against bacterial and yeast biofilms so far, but conflicting results have been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to outline the actual state of the art regarding the potential of aPDT for inactivation of biofilms formed in vitro with a main focus on those formed by oral key pathogens and structured regarding the distinct types of PS.

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          Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease.

          Kim Lewis (2007)
          Several well-recognized puzzles in microbiology have remained unsolved for decades. These include latent bacterial infections, unculturable microorganisms, persister cells and biofilm multidrug tolerance. Accumulating evidence suggests that these seemingly disparate phenomena result from the ability of bacteria to enter into a dormant (non-dividing) state. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of dormant persister cells are now being unravelled and are the focus of this Review.
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              Spectra of porphyrins

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                12 August 2014
                2014
                : 5
                : 405
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
                [2] 2Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Helen Zgurskaya, University of Oklahoma, USA

                Reviewed by: George Tegos, University of New Mexico, USA; Ali Al-Ahmad, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Michael T. Ashby, University of Oklahoma, USA

                *Correspondence: Fabian Cieplik, DDS, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany e-mail: fabian.cieplik@ 123456ukr.de

                This article was submitted to Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405
                4130309
                25161649
                744512d1-1b10-4f81-be26-e483c7a374b8
                Copyright © 2014 Cieplik, Tabenski, Buchalla and Maisch.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 06 May 2014
                : 18 July 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 17, Words: 13097
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                photodynamic,apdt,antimicrobial,biofilm,oral,antibiotic resistance
                Microbiology & Virology
                photodynamic, apdt, antimicrobial, biofilm, oral, antibiotic resistance

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