Archeological evidence for the impact of mega-Ni�o events on Amazonia during the past two millennia

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Amazon rain-forest fires.

R. A. Sanford, C Uhl, J Saldarriaga … (1985)

Charcoal is common in the soils of mature rain forests within 75 kilometers of San Carlos de Rio Negro in the north central Amazon Basin. Carbon-14 dates of soil charcoal from this region indicate that numerous fires have occurred since the mid-Holocene epoch. Charcoal is most common in tierra firme forest Oxisols and Ultisols and less common in caatinga and igapo forest soils. Climatic changes or human activities, or both, have caused rain-forest fires.

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Amazon river discharge and climate variability: 1903 to 1985.

J E Richey, C Nobre, C Deser (1989)

Reconstruction of an 83-year record (1903 to 1985) of the discharge of the Amazon River shows that there has been no statistically significant change in discharge over the period of record and that the predominant interannual variability occurs on the 2- to 3-year time scale. Oscillations of river discharge predate significant human influences in the Amazon basin and reflect both extrabasinal and local factors. Cross-spectrum analyses of Amazon flow anomalies with indicators of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon suggest that the oscillations in the hydrograph are coupled to the tropical Pacific climate cycle.

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Demic expansions and human evolution.

P. Menozzi, Gary A. Piazza, L Cavalli-Sforza (1993)

Geographic expansions are caused by successful innovations, biological or cultural, that favor local growth and movement. They have had a powerful effect in determining the present patterns of human genetic geography. Modern human populations expanded rapidly across the Earth in the last 100,000 years. At the end of the Paleolithic (10,000 years ago) only a few islands and other areas were unoccupied. The number of inhabitants was then about one thousand times smaller than it is now. Population densities were low throughout the Paleolithic, and random genetic drift was therefore especially effective. Major genetic differences between living human groups must have evolved at that time. Population growths that began afterward, especially with the spread of agriculture, progressively reduced the drift in population and the resulting genetic differentiation. Genetic traces of the expansions that these growths determined are still recognizable.

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Journal

Title: Climatic Change

Abbreviated Title: Climatic Change

Publisher: Springer Nature

ISSN (Print): 0165-0009

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-1480

Publication date Created: December 1994

Publication date (Print): December 1994

Volume: 28

Issue: 4

Pages: 321-338

Article

DOI: 10.1007/BF01104077

SO-VID: 74551cac-1e9a-44f1-bcbc-f0c515ebb5b4

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