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      Beta-mangostin from Cratoxylum arborescens activates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through reactive oxygen species with downregulation of the HSP70 gene in the HL60 cells associated with a G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest.

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          Abstract

          Xanthones are phytochemical compounds found in a number of fruits and vegetables. Characteristically, they are noted to be made of diverse properties based on their biological, biochemical, and pharmacological actions. Accordingly, the apoptosis mechanisms induced by beta-mangostin, a xanthone compound isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL60) in vitro, were examined in this study. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was done to estimate the cytotoxicity effect of β-mangostin on the HL60 cell line. Acridine orange/propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 dyes and Annexin V tests were conducted to detect the apoptosis features. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities; reactive oxygen species; real-time polymerase chain reaction for Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 Hsp70 genes; and western blot for p53, cytochrome c, and pro- and cleavage-caspase-3 and caspase-9 were assessed to examine the apoptosis mechanism. Cell-cycle analysis conducted revealed that β-mangostin inhibited the growth of HL60 at 58 µM in 24 h. The administration of β-mangostin with HL60 caused cell morphological changes related to apoptosis which increased the number of early and late apoptotic cells. The β-mangostin-catalyzed apoptosis action through caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 activation overproduced reactive oxygen species which downregulated the expression of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-2 and HSP70. Conversely, the expression of the apoptotic genes Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were upregulated. Meanwhile, at the protein level, β-mangostin activated the formation of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 and also upregulated the p53. β-mangostin arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Overall, the results for β-mangostin showed an antiproliferative effect in HL60 via stopping the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and prompted the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Tumour Biol.
          Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine
          SAGE Publications
          1423-0380
          1010-4283
          Nov 2017
          : 39
          : 11
          Affiliations
          [1 ] 1 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
          [2 ] 2 Center for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
          [3 ] 3 Department of Exercise Science, Sports Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
          [4 ] 4 Department of Bioproduct Research and Innovation, Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
          [5 ] 5 Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
          Article
          10.1177/1010428317731451
          29110583
          74880730-8c3a-41ae-ac63-1d821c395143
          History

          Apoptosis,xanthones,leukemia,intrinsic pathway,beta-mangostin,HL60 cell line

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