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      Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: Insights from Neurobiological, Psychological, and Clinical Studies

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          Abstract

          There is increasing interest in the beneficial clinical effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Research has demonstrated their efficacy in a wide range of psychological conditions characterized by emotion dysregulation. Neuroimaging studies have evidenced functional and structural changes in a myriad of brain regions mainly involved in attention systems, emotion regulation, and self-referential processing. In this article we review studies on psychological and neurobiological correlates across different empirically derived models of research, including dispositional mindfulness, mindfulness induction, MBIs, and expert meditators in relation to emotion regulation. From the perspective of recent findings in the neuroscience of emotion regulation, we discuss the interplay of top-down and bottom-up emotion regulation mechanisms associated with different mindfulness models. From a phenomenological and cognitive perspective, authors have argued that mindfulness elicits a “mindful emotion regulation” strategy; however, from a clinical perspective, this construct has not been properly differentiated from other strategies and interventions within MBIs. In this context we propose the distinction between top-down and bottom-up mindfulness based emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, we propose an embodied emotion regulation framework as a multilevel approach for understanding psychobiological changes due to mindfulness meditation regarding its effect on emotion regulation. Finally, based on clinical neuroscientific evidence on mindfulness, we open perspectives and dialogues regarding commonalities and differences between MBIs and other psychotherapeutic strategies for emotion regulation.

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          Mechanisms of mindfulness.

          Recently, the psychological construct mindfulness has received a great deal of attention. The majority of research has focused on clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions. This line of research has led to promising data suggesting mindfulness-based interventions are effective for treatment of both psychological and physical symptoms. However, an equally important direction for future research is to investigate questions concerning mechanisms of action underlying mindfulness-based interventions. This theoretical paper proposes a model of mindfulness, in an effort to elucidate potential mechanisms to explain how mindfulness affects positive change. Potential implications and future directions for the empirical study of mechanisms involved in mindfulness are addressed. Copyright (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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            The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation.

            Research over the past two decades broadly supports the claim that mindfulness meditation - practiced widely for the reduction of stress and promotion of health - exerts beneficial effects on physical and mental health, and cognitive performance. Recent neuroimaging studies have begun to uncover the brain areas and networks that mediate these positive effects. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear, and it is apparent that more methodologically rigorous studies are required if we are to gain a full understanding of the neuronal and molecular bases of the changes in the brain that accompany mindfulness meditation.
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              Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex.

              The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision making and the influence on it by emotion. The key idea of this hypothesis is that decision making is a process that is influenced by marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can occur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the hypothesis. The orbitofrontal cortex represents one critical structure in a neural system subserving decision making. Decision making is not mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex alone, but arises from large-scale systems that include other cortical and subcortical components. Such structures include the amygdala, the somatosensory/insular cortices and the peripheral nervous system. Here we focus only on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in decision making and emotional processing, and the relationship between emotion, decision making and other cognitive functions of the frontal lobe, namely working memory.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                06 March 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 220
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Social Cognition Group, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Germany
                [2] 2Research Unit on Psychotherapeutic Interventions and Change Processes, Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality Santiago, Chile
                [3] 3Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
                [4] 4Community Mental Health Team East, Central North West London Foundation NHS Foundation Trust London, UK
                Author notes

                Edited by: Alessandro Grecucci, University of Trento, Italy

                Reviewed by: Eric S. Allard, Cleveland State University, USA; Stéphane Dandeneau, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada

                *Correspondence: Simon Guendelman simon.guendelman@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Emotion Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220
                5337506
                28321194
                74a69f02-18d3-4885-9502-8e38ad2c1353
                Copyright © 2017 Guendelman, Medeiros and Rampes.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 01 May 2016
                : 06 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 162, Pages: 23, Words: 19197
                Funding
                Funded by: Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica 10.13039/501100002848
                Categories
                Psychology
                Review

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                mindfulness,emotion regulation,neuroimaging,top down and bottom up processing,emotion dysregulation disorders,embodied cognition

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