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      El Área del Lenguaje Articulado, Perspectiva Histórica y Denominación Epónima Equívoca: Entre Dax y Broca Translated title: Articulated Language Area, Historical Perspective and Erroneous Epomy: Between Dax and Broca

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: El término epónimo área de Broca corresponde a una región cortical cerebral humana dedicada a la expresión del lenguaje oral y que no siempre se ubica en el giro frontal inferior del lobo frontal en el hemisferio izquierdo. Al estudiar 25 artículos del año 2022 y 25 libros de enseñanza de la neuroanatomía, neurofisiología, neurociencia o áreas asociadas del presente siglo, se estableció y cuantificó la existencia del término área de Broca encontrándose que en los libros había un 96 % de inclusión epónima sobre esta área cortical cerebral y en artículos de revista existía un 100 % del mismo epónimo, además, en ninguno de los libros y artículos se encontró un epónimo diferente. Aunque a lo largo del tiempo, en las ciencias médicas se han usado epónimos para designar estructuras anatómicas como en el caso para tratar de designar el área del cerebro que genera el lenguaje oral, este término no proporciona ninguna información descriptiva ni funcional, lo que equivale a un desatino en la lógica del pensamiento morfológico actual, además que lleva a confusión, pues hace pensar que su descubrimiento inicial fue dado por Broca, equivocando el conocimiento histórico que vincula a Marc Dax como el primero en descubrir esta zona.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY: The eponymous Broca's area is a human cerebral cortical region that controls the expression of oral language, and which is not always located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. In a study of 25 articles published in 2022, and 25 teaching books on neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuroscience or associated areas, it was found that the term Broca's area was established and quantified. In books there was a 96 % eponymous inclusion of this cerebral cortical area and in journal articles there was 100 % of the same eponym. Furthermore, no other eponyms were found in any of the books and articles. Although over time, eponyms have been used in medical sciences to identify anatomical structures, as in the designation of the area in the brain that controls oral language, this term does not provide any descriptive or functional information. The result is contradictory to current morphological thought and also leads to confusion, erroneously suggesting that the initial discovery was made by Broca, when in fact Marc Dax was the first to discover this area some 30 years earlier.

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          Broca’s Area Is Not a Natural Kind

          Theories of human cognition prominently feature Broca’s area, which causally contributes to a myriad of mental functions. However, Broca’s area is not a monolithic, multi-purpose unit; it is structurally and functionally heterogeneous. Some functions engaging (subsets of) this area share neuro-cognitive resources, whereas others rely on separable circuits. A decade of converging evidence has now illuminated a fundamental distinction between two sub-regions of Broca’s area that likely play computationally distinct roles in cognition: one belongs to the domain-specific “language network”, the other to the domain-general “multiple-demand network”. Claims about Broca’s area should be (re)cast in terms of these (and other, as yet undetermined) functional components, to establish a cumulative research enterprise where empirical findings could be replicated, and theoretical proposals could be meaningfully compared and falsified.
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            Damage to Broca’s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke

            Abstract Broca’s area in the posterior half of the left inferior frontal gyrus has long been thought to be critical for speech production. The current view is that long-term speech production outcome in patients with Broca’s area damage is best explained by the combination of damage to Broca’s area and neighbouring regions including the underlying white matter, which was also damaged in Paul Broca’s two historic cases. Here, we dissociate the effect of damage to Broca’s area from the effect of damage to surrounding areas by studying long-term speech production outcome in 134 stroke survivors with relatively circumscribed left frontal lobe lesions that spared posterior speech production areas in lateral inferior parietal and superior temporal association cortices. Collectively, these patients had varying degrees of damage to one or more of nine atlas-based grey or white matter regions: Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (together known as Broca’s area), ventral premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, insula, putamen, the anterior segment of the arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus and frontal aslant tract. Spoken picture description scores from the Comprehensive Aphasia Test were used as the outcome measure. Multiple regression analyses allowed us to tease apart the contribution of other variables influencing speech production abilities such as total lesion volume and time post-stroke. We found that, in our sample of patients with left frontal damage, long-term speech production impairments (lasting beyond 3 months post-stroke) were solely predicted by the degree of damage to white matter, directly above the insula, in the vicinity of the anterior part of the arcuate fasciculus, with no contribution from the degree of damage to Broca’s area (as confirmed with Bayesian statistics). The effect of white matter damage cannot be explained by a disconnection of Broca’s area, because speech production scores were worse after damage to the anterior arcuate fasciculus with relative sparing of Broca’s area than after damage to Broca’s area with relative sparing of the anterior arcuate fasciculus. Our findings provide evidence for three novel conclusions: (i) Broca’s area damage does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after left frontal lobe strokes; (ii) persistent speech production impairments after damage to the anterior arcuate fasciculus cannot be explained by a disconnection of Broca’s area; and (iii) the prior association between persistent speech production impairments and Broca’s area damage can be explained by co-occurring white matter damage, above the insula, in the vicinity of the anterior part of the arcuate fasciculus.
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              The human language effective connectome

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                June 2023
                : 41
                : 3
                : 910-914
                Affiliations
                [1] Caldas orgnameUniversidad de Caldas orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Colombia
                Article
                S0717-95022023000300910 S0717-9502(23)04100300910
                74c14cae-53b4-4d3b-a020-3e39ab6a2371

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 March 2023
                : 10 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS

                Neuroanatomy,Área de Broca,Epónimos,Historia,Terminología Anatómica,Neuroanatomía,Anatomical terminology,Broca’s area,Eponyms,History

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