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      Exposición a plaguicidas en Chile y salud poblacional: urgencia para la toma de decisiones Translated title: Pesticide exposure in Chile and population health: urgency for decision making

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          Abstract

          Resumen En los últimos 25 años, Chile se ha consolidado como país agroexportador en la economía mundial. Posee una eficiente tasa de productividad basada en el desarrollo tecnológico de la agricultura, con vastas extensiones de monocultivos cuya productividad depende de la aplicación intensiva de plaguicidas, la cual se realiza con escasas regulaciones y fiscalizaciones, y se desconoce la magnitud del riesgo de exposición en la población y sus efectos en la salud a corto o largo plazo. Esta revisión sistemática recopila evidencia epidemiológica de varias regiones de Chile respecto a la exposición a plaguicidas y sus efectos en la salud poblacional. Del total de las publicaciones, el 50% se refieren a trabajadores agrícolas, el 25% a niños/as y el 25% a mujeres en edad fértil, y los efectos más observados son neurotóxicos (54%), genotóxicos (31%) y reproductivos (15%). La evidencia muestra que, en Chile, los niveles de exposición en población general y ocupacional son superiores a los encontrados en estudios internacionales. Es urgente proteger la salud tanto de la población ocupacional como de la general, en especial de los/las niños/as, a través de un mayor control en la venta y el uso de plaguicidas, con sistemas integrales de vigilancia en salud ambiental y acciones educativas en el contexto social y cultural de las comunidades rurales. Resulta prioritario potenciar la investigación sobre daños en salud y restringir legalmente de manera estricta el uso de plaguicidas peligrosos ya prohibidos en países desarrollados por su alto riesgo para la salud de las personas y el medio ambiente.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract In the last 25 years, Chile has had an expanding role as an agro-export country in the global economy, with efficient rates of productivity in the region, based on the technological development of agriculture, with of large monocultures whose productivity depends on the intensive application of agrochemicals. This form of agriculture has also lacked efficient regulations and surveillance, so it is difficult to estimate the real magnitude of the exposed population and its effects on health in the short or long term. This systematic review compiles the epidemiological evidence generated from studies conducted in several regions of Chile regarding pesticide exposure and health effects. Of the total number of articles, 50% included agricultural workers, 25% children, and 25% women of childbearing age, with the greatest effects being the neurotoxic (54%), genotoxic (31%) and reproductive (15%). The evidence collected shows that in Chile the levels of exposure to pesticides in the general and occupational population are higher than international studies levels. It is urgent to protect the health of both the occupational and general population and especially children through a stricter control of the sale and use of pesticides, with comprehensive surveillance systems in environmental health and educational actions in the social and cultural context of rural communities. It is a priority to strengthen research with national relevance on health effects, and strictly restrict the use of pesticides already prohibited in developed countries due to their high level of risk to human and environmental health.

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          Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives.

          Along with the wide use of pesticides in the world, the concerns over their health impacts are rapidly growing. There is a huge body of evidence on the relation between exposure to pesticides and elevated rate of chronic diseases such as different types of cancers, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson, Alzheimer, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), birth defects, and reproductive disorders. There is also circumstantial evidence on the association of exposure to pesticides with some other chronic diseases like respiratory problems, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, chronic nephropathies, autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and aging. The common feature of chronic disorders is a disturbance in cellular homeostasis, which can be induced via pesticides' primary action like perturbation of ion channels, enzymes, receptors, etc., or can as well be mediated via pathways other than the main mechanism. In this review, we present the highlighted evidence on the association of pesticide's exposure with the incidence of chronic diseases and introduce genetic damages, epigenetic modifications, endocrine disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), impairment of ubiquitin proteasome system, and defective autophagy as the effective mechanisms of action. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity.

            Pesticides are a family of compounds which have brought many benefits to mankind in the agricultural, industrial, and health areas, but their toxicities in both humans and animals have always been a concern. Regardless of acute poisonings which are common for some classes of pesticides like organophosphoruses, the association of chronic and sub-lethal exposure to pesticides with a prevalence of some persistent diseases is going to be a phenomenon to which global attention has been attracted. In this review, incidence of various malignant, neurodegenerative, respiratory, reproductive, developmental, and metabolic diseases in relation to different routes of human exposure to pesticides such as occupational, environmental, residential, parental, maternal, and paternal has been systematically criticized in different categories of pesticide toxicities like carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic toxicity. A huge body of evidence exists on the possible role of pesticide exposures in the elevated incidence of human diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, diabetes, and obesity. Most of the disorders are induced by insecticides and herbicides most notably organophosphorus, organochlorines, phenoxyacetic acids, and triazine compounds.
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              Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Attention in Young Mexican-American Children: The CHAMACOS Study

              Background Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, well-known neurotoxicants, has been associated with neurobehavioral deficits in children. Objectives We investigated whether OP exposure, as measured by urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites in pregnant women and their children, was associated with attention-related outcomes among Mexican-American children living in an agricultural region of California. Methods Children were assessed at ages 3.5 years (n = 331) and 5 years (n = 323). Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We administered the NEPSY-II visual attention subtest to children at 3.5 years and Conners’ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 5 years. The K-CPT yielded a standardized attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Confidence Index score. Psychometricians scored behavior of the 5-year-olds during testing using the Hillside Behavior Rating Scale. Results Prenatal DAPs (nanomoles per liter) were nonsignificantly associated with maternal report of attention problems and ADHD at age 3.5 years but were significantly related at age 5 years [CBCL attention problems: β = 0.7 points; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2–1.2; ADHD: β = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.4–2.1]. Prenatal DAPs were associated with scores on the K-CPT ADHD Confidence Index > 70th percentile [odds ratio (OR) = 5.1; 95% CI, 1.7–15.7] and with a composite ADHD indicator of the various measures (OR = 3.5; 95% CI, 1.1–10.7). Some outcomes exhibited evidence of effect modification by sex, with associations found only among boys. There was also limited evidence of associations between child DAPs and attention. Conclusions In utero DAPs and, to a lesser extent, postnatal DAPs were associated adversely with attention as assessed by maternal report, psychometrician observation, and direct assessment. These associations were somewhat stronger at 5 years than at 3.5 years and were stronger in boys.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                October 2021
                : 35
                : 5
                : 480-487
                Affiliations
                [4] San Fernando Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias Chile
                [2] Talca Maule orgnameUniversidad Católica del Maule orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Centro de Investigaciones en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI-Neurocog) Chile
                [5] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) Chile
                [3] Coquimbo Antofagasta orgnameUniversidad Católica del Norte orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental Chile
                [7] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Salud Pública Chile
                [1] Talca Maule orgnameUniversidad Católica del Maule orgdiv1Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM Chile
                [6] Santiago orgnameCentro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS) Chile
                Article
                S0213-91112021000500480 S0213-9111(21)03500500480
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.020
                32684309
                751f749c-4153-4e13-a4c5-7d135c6aa1aa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Spain

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                Children,Mujeres,Agricultural workers,Pesticides,Chile,Women,Plaguicidas,Trabajadores agrícolas,Niños

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