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      Africanización de colonias de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:Apidae), presente en el ADN mitocondrial Translated title: Africanization of colonies of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:Apidae), present in the mitochondrial DNA

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La apicultura es una actividad asociada a productores de bajos ingresos cuyos productos están destinados a la exportación. El presente estudio se realizó para evaluar el grado de africanización de los apiarios comerciales a través de la presencia de genes africanos en el ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) mitocondrial de abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera L.). Se colectaron abejas de apiarios comerciales, que se mantuvieron en alcohol etanol hasta la extracción del ADN. El ADN obtenido se congeló a -20° C hasta su utilización. Para la PCR-RFLP se utilizaron 50 µg de producto de PCR que fue digerido e incubado por 16 horas y los productos de la digestión fueron separados por electroforesis en un gel de agarosa 1% en solución TBE 1X. La tinción de los geles se realizó con bromuro de etidio. Se visualizó un patrón de dos fragmentos (194 y 291 pb) correspondiente al mitotipo Europeo (E) y un fragmento único sin digerir de 485 pb que corresponde al mitotipo africano. El porcentaje de africanización de las poblaciones fue de 69.9% con base en el análisis polimórfico de ADN mitocondrial, confirmando la dominancia de genes africanizados. Las poblaciones no están en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg, porque existe déficit de heterocigotos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Mexican beekeeping is an activity associated with producers of low income whose products are intended for export. The present study was conducted to assess the degree of africanization of the commercial apiaries through the presence of African genes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mitochondrial of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). We collected bees from commercial apiaries that were kept in alcohol ethanol until the DNA extraction. The Retrieved DNA was frozen at - 20 °C until use. 50 µg that was digested PCR product were used for the PCR-RFLP and incubated for 16 hours and the products of digestion were separated by electrophoresis in an agarose 1% solution TBE 1X gel. The staining of the gels was performed with ethidium bromide. A pattern of two fragments (194 and 291 pb) was visualized corresponding to the mitotype European (E) and a fragment only undigested 485 PB which corresponds to the African mitotype. The population of Hardy-Weinberg are not in balance, there is deficit of heterozygotes.

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          The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization.

          The complete sequence of honeybee (Apis mellifera) mitochondrial DNA is reported being 16,343 bp long in the strain sequenced. Relative to their positions in the Drosophila map, 11 of the tRNA genes are in altered positions, but the other genes and regions are in the same relative positions. Comparisons of the predicted protein sequences indicate that the honeybee mitochondrial genetic code is the same as that for Drosophila; but the anticodons of two tRNAs differ between these two insects. The base composition shows extreme bias, being 84.9% AT (cf. 78.6% in Drosophila yakuba). In protein-encoding genes, the AT bias is strongest at the third codon positions (which in some cases lack guanines altogether), and least in second codon positions. Multiple stepwise regression analysis of the predicted products of the protein-encoding genes shows a significant association between the numbers of occurrences of amino acids and %T in codon family, but not with the number of codons per codon family or other parameters associated with codon family base composition. Differences in amino acid abundances are apparent between the predicted Apis and Drosophila proteins, with a relative abundance in the Apis proteins of lysine and a relative deficiency of alanine. Drosophila alanine residues are as often replaced by serine as conserved in Apis. The differences in abundances between Drosophila and Apis are associated with %AT in the codon families, and the degree of divergence in amino acid composition between proteins correlates with the divergence in %AT at the second codon positions. Overall, transversions are about twice as abundant as transitions when comparing Drosophila and Apis protein-encoding genes, but this ratio varies between codon positions. Marked excesses of transitions over chance expectation are seen for the third positions of protein-coding genes and for the gene for the small subunit of ribosomal RNA. For the third codon positions the excess of transitions is adequately explained as due to the restriction of observable substitutions to transitions for conserved amino acids with two-codon families; the excess of transitions over expectation for the small ribosomal subunit suggests that the conservation of nucleotide size is favored by selection.
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            Origin of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from the Yucatan peninsula inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis.

            Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) sampled at sites in Europe, Africa and South America were analysed using a mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These samples were used to provide baseline information for a detailed analysis of the process of Africanization of bees from the neotropical Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. Radical changes in mitochondrial haplotype (mitotype) frequencies were found to have occurred in the 13-year period studied. Prior to the arrival of Africanized bees (1986) the original inhabitants of the Yucatan peninsula appear to have been essentially of southeastern European origin with a smaller proportion having northwestern European ancestry. Three years after the migration of Africanized bees into the area (1989), only very low levels of maternal gene flow from Africanized populations into the resident European populations had occurred. By 1998, however, there was a sizeable increase in the proportion of African mitotypes in domestic populations (61%) with feral populations having 87% of mitotypes classified as African derived. The results suggest that the early stages of Africanization did not involve a rapid replacement of European with African mitotypes and that earlier studies probably overestimated the prevalence of African mitotypes.
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              Genotypic effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera) defensive behavior at the individual and colony levels: the relationship of guarding, pursuing and stinging

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                av
                Abanico veterinario
                Abanico vet
                Sergio Martínez González (Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico )
                2007-428X
                2448-6132
                2019
                : 9
                : e922
                Affiliations
                [2] Tamaulipas orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas orgdiv1Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias orgdiv2Centro Universitario Adolfo López Mateos Mexico
                [1] Tamaulipas orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata” Mexico
                [3] Jalisco orgnameUniversidad de Guadalajara orgdiv1Centro Universitario del Sur Mexico
                [4] Reynosa orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Centro de Biotecnología Genómica Mexico
                Article
                S2448-61322019000100122 S2448-6132(19)00900000122
                10.21929/abavet2019.922
                75305966-5fcf-437b-a997-7ae0d5b04745

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 June 2019
                : 05 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Norte de México,Africanización,PCR,Africanization,Norther Mexico

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