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      The effect of ellagic acid on the repair process of periodontal defects related to experimental periodontitis in rats

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aims to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) by measuring the levels of alveolar bone resorption and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the periodontal tissues and serum on the periodontal repair process related to experimental periodontitis in rats.

          Methodology

          Forty Wistar rats were divided into four study groups as follows: Group 1=healthy control (n=10); Group 2=EA control (15 mg/kg)(n=10); Group 3=periodontitis (n=10); Group 4=periodontitis+EA (15 mg/kg) (n=10). The periodontitis model was established by ligating bilateral mandibular first molars for 14 days. Then, rats were given normal saline or EA for another 14 days by gavage administration. Serum and gingiva myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG), and glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed by ELISA. İmmunohistochemical analysis was used to detect Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) immunoreactivities in the periodontal tissues. Alveolar bone loss (ABL) and attachment loss (AL) was evaluated by histomorphometry analysis.

          Results

          ABL and AL were statistically higher in group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 and in group 4 than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). MPO activities in gingival tissue and serum were significantly increased in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Significantly higher serum GSH levels, lower gingiva, and serum 8-OHdG levels, and MPO activity were observed in group 4 compared to group 3 (p<0.05). Rats with periodontitis (group 3) expressed significantly higher immunoreactivities of IL-6 and TNF-α and lower IL-10 immunoreactivity compared to those other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α immunoreactivities significantly decreased and IL-10 immunoreactivity increased in group 4 after the use of EA compared to group 3 (p<0.001).

          Conclusions

          Our findings showed that EA provides significant improvements on gingival oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and alveolar bone resorption in the repair process associated with experimental periodontitis. Therefore, EA may have a therapeutic potential on periodontitis.

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          Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.

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            Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines.

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              Anti-inflammatory potential of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B isolated from Punica granatum

              Background Punica granatum (pomegranate), an edible fruit originating in the Middle East, has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions such as peptic ulcer. The numerous risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treatment of pain and inflammation give rise to using medicinal herbs as alternative therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated compounds from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of P. granatum by determination of their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxxgenase-2 (COX-2) release from RAW264.7 cells. Methods The compounds ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B were isolated from EtOAc by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and further identified by mass spectrometry (MS). The inhibitory effect of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B were evaluated on the production of LPS-induced NO by Griess reagent, PGE-2 and IL-6 by immunoassay kit and prostaglandin E2 competitive ELISA kit, and COX-2 by Western blotting. Results Ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B potentially inhibited LPS-induced NO, PGE-2 and IL-6 production. Conclusion The results indicate that ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin may be the compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory potential of P. granatum.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Appl Oral Sci
                J Appl Oral Sci
                jaos
                Journal of Applied Oral Science
                Faculdade De Odontologia De Bauru - USP
                1678-7757
                1678-7765
                27 September 2021
                2021
                : 29
                : e20210160
                Affiliations
                [1 ] orgnameOrdu University orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Periodontology Ordu Turkey originalOrdu University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ordu, Turkey.
                [2 ] orgnameYıldırım Beyazıt University orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Periodontology Ankara Turkey originalYıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ankara, Turkey.
                [3 ] orgnameBezmialem Vakif University orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Periodontology İstanbul Turkey originalBezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, İstanbul, Turkey.
                [4 ] orgnameKent University orgdiv1Faculty of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery İstanbul Turkey originalKent University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey.
                [5 ] orgnameOndokuzmayis University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Biochemistry Samsun Turkey originalOndokuzmayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Samsun, Turkey.
                [6 ] orgnameSüleyman Demirel University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicin orgdiv2Department of Histology and Embryology Isparta Turkey originalSüleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Isparta, Turkey.
                [7 ] orgnameBülent Ecevit University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Histology and Embryology Zonguldak Turkey originalBülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zonguldak, Turkey.
                Author notes
                Corresponding address: Figen Öngöz Dede. Ordu University - Faculty of Dentistry - Department of Periodontology - 52100 - Altınordu - Ordu - Turkey. Phone: +90 506 7354313. e-mail: figen_ongoz@ 123456hotmail.com

                Conflict of interest and source of funding

                The authors declare that they have no financial relationships related to any products involved in this study. The study was self-funded by the authors.

                Authors’ contributions

                Öngöz Dede, Figen: Conceptualization (Lead); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Supporting); Funding acquisition (Equal); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Lead); Resources (Equal); Software (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Lead); Visualization (Equal); Writing-original draft (Lead); Writing-review & editing (Lead). Dogan, Seyma Bozkurt: Conceptualization (Supporting); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Funding acquisition (Equal); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Supporting); Resources (Equal); Software (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing-original draft (Supporting); Writing-review & editing (Supporting). Balli, Umut: Conceptualization (Supporting); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Funding acquisition (Equal); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Supporting); Resources (Equal); Software (Equal); Supervision (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing-original draft (Supporting); Writing-review & editing (Supporting). Durmuşlar, Cenk: Formal analysis (Equal); Funding acquisition (Equal); Project administration (Equal); Resources (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal). Avci, Bahattin: Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Project administration (Equal); Writing-original draft (Equal). Gülle, Kanat: Conceptualization (Equal); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Project administration (Equal). Akpolat Ferah, Meryem: Conceptualization (Equal); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Methodology (Equal).

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-3359
                Article
                00443
                10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0160
                8483071
                34586188
                75350185-9b7e-4d48-9fb7-7deb3b42cb9c

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 March 2021
                : 5 July 2021
                : 6 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 43
                Categories
                Original Article

                ellagic acid,periodontitis,periodontal repair,cytokines,antioxidant,alveolar bone defect

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