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      Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1

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          Abstract

          We investigated the influences of various reaction conditions on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) disinfection by 5 commercial disinfectants (3 quaternary ammonium compounds [QACs] and 2 chlorine-based disinfectants) and 1 anionic surfactant. QACs at their highest recommended concentrations had no virucidal effect on EHV-1 with a 10-min reaction time at 0°C or a 1-min reaction time at room temperature. Chlorine-based disinfectants achieved EHV-1 disinfection with a 10-min reaction time at −10°C or a 30-sec reaction time at room temperature. In the presence of 5% fetal bovine serum, QACs (except for benzalkonium chloride) showed more stable virucidal effects than did chlorine-based disinfectants. The virucidal effect of the anionic surfactant was almost equivalent to that of the QACs.

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          Evaluation of changes induced by temperature, contact time, and surface in the efficacies of disinfectants against avian influenza virus.

          Yangho Jang, Joongbok Lee, Byungjae So … (2014)
          Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are highly susceptible to all disinfectants because they are enveloped viruses. Disinfectants effective against AIV have optimum efficacies at temperatures above 20°C. Very few studies on effective disinfectants at low temperatures have been done. Disinfectants were investigated at 4 different temperatures (25, 4, 0, and -10°C) and 2 contact times (1 and 5 min) with suspension tests. Virucidal activity of the disinfectants was evaluated by carrier tests (wood and stainless steel) at 25 and -10°C. The concentration of each disinfectant for efficient disinfection within a short time (<1 min) at 25 and -10°C was also reestablished. The results from the suspension test indicated that low temperatures inhibited the virucidal efficacy of citric acid (CA) and CA + quaternary ammonium compounds (CA+ QAC) for 1 and 5 min, whereas the remaining disinfectants were effective, regardless of the short contact times and low temperatures. The carrier test results suggested that dried virus on wood was more difficult to inactivate compared with that on stainless steel. However, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and glutaraldehyde could inactivate AIV on both wood and stainless steel at -10°C. Citric acid-based agents could not sufficiently inactivate AIV at -10°C; however, the limitation due to low temperatures was overcome by adjusting disinfectant concentration. For a successful disinfection during winter, the disinfectants that could have short contact times with optimum efficacy against the target organism should be selected.
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            A severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion outbreak caused by a neuropathogenic strain at a breeding farm in northern Germany.

            Armando Mario Damiani, Maren de Vries, Gitta Reimers … (2014)
            A particularly severe equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion outbreak occurred at a breeding farm in northern Germany. Sixteen of 25 pregnant mares that had received regular vaccination using an inactivated vaccine aborted and two gave birth to weak non-viable foals in a span of three months, with 89% of cases occurring within 40 days after the initial abortion case. Virological examinations revealed the presence of EHV-1 in all cases of abortion and serological follow-up in mares confirmed recent infection. Molecular studies identified a neuropathogenic variant (Pol/ORF30 A2254 to G2254) that belonged to geographical group 4 of EHV-1 isolates. The abortion outbreak was preceded by a case of mild ataxia of unknown cause in a mare that aborted four months after the ataxic episode. Although vaccination of pregnant mares did not prevent abortion, good EHV-1 immune status of the population at the time of outbreak may have had an impact in the failure of manifestation of the neurological form of the disease.
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              Clinical observations and management of a severe equine herpesvirus type 1 outbreak with abortion and encephalomyelitis

              Jasmin Walter, Christoph Seeh, Kerstin Fey … (2013)
              Latent equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection is common in horse populations worldwide and estimated to reach a prevalence nearing 90% in some areas. The virus causes acute outbreaks of disease that are characterized by abortion and sporadic cases of myeloencephalopathy (EHM), both severe threats to equine facilities. Different strains vary in their abortigenic and neuropathogenic potential and the simultaneous occurrence of EHM and abortion is rare. In this report, we present clinical observations collected during an EHV-1 outbreak caused by a so-called “neuropathogenic” EHV-1 G2254/D752 polymerase (Pol) variant, which has become more prevalent in recent years and is less frequently associated with abortions. In this outbreak with 61 clinically affected horses, 6/7 pregnant mares aborted and 8 horses developed EHM. Three abortions occurred after development of EHM symptoms. Virus detection was performed by nested PCR targeting gB from nasal swabs (11 positive), blood serum (6 positive) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (9 positive) of a total of 42 horses sampled. All 6 fetuses tested positive for EHV-1 by PCR and 4 by virus isolation. Paired serum neutralization test (SNT) on day 12 and 28 after the index case showed a significant (≥ 4-fold) increase in twelve horses (n = 42; 28.6%). This outbreak with abortions and EHM cases on a single equine facility provided a unique opportunity for the documentation of clinical disease progression as well as diagnostic procedures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Vet. Med. Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVMS
                Title: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
                Publisher: The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                ISSN (Print): 0916-7250
                ISSN (Electronic): 1347-7439
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2015
                Publication date (Print): November 2015
                Volume: 77
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 1545-1548
                Affiliations
                [1) ]Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association,1400–4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329–0412, Japan
                [2) ]Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535–13 Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057–0171, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Tsujimura, K., Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400–4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329–0412, Japan. e-mail: koji_tsujimura@ 123456jra.go.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: 15-0030
                DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0030
                PMC ID: 4667681
                PubMed ID: 26074409
                SO-VID: 7559082e-b3e6-4245-ad0f-19b9dea66521
                Copyright © ©2015 The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                Date received : 14 January 2015
                Date accepted : 03 June 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Virology
                Subject: Note

                Keywords: anionic surfactant,disinfectant,equine herpesvirus type 1
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anionic surfactant, disinfectant, equine herpesvirus type 1

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