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      Desarrollo e implementación de una propuesta educativa en el comedor escolar para la promoción de alimentación saludable en la escuela Cristóbal Colón en Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica Translated title: Development and implementation of a nutrition education approach using the school dining for promoting healthy eating in Cristóbal Colón school in Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil han alzado proporciones alarmantes a nivel mundial. El entorno escolar ha demostrado ser un espacio óptimo para la implementación de estrategias educativas con el fin de atacar esta problemática. El objetivo fue diseñar y aplicar una propuesta educativa para usar el comedor escolar como un espacio para la promoción de alimentación saludable. Metodología: Su población meta fueron los niños y las niñas de primero a sexto grado y el personal del centro educativo. Se desarrolló en cuatro etapas: diagnóstico, propuesta, implementación y evaluación. Se preguntó al estudiantado por preferencias y prácticas alimentarias, así como opiniones sobre el comedor; se realizaron grupos focales con el personal y se evaluó el comedor en infraestructura y servicio. La propuesta incluyó temas como desayuno en casa, autorregulación de tiempos de comida y consumo de frutas y vegetales. Se crearon mensajes educativos, se degustaron preparaciones nuevas y se redecoró el espacio del comedor durante un período de tres meses. Resultados: No se logró modificar preferencias alimentarias, ni el agrado por el comedor. Se vieron cambios en prácticas alimentarias. Disminuyó en un 12 % la cantidad de escolares que reportó almorzar doble, es decir en el comedor y en la casa, disminuyó 3 % quienes reportaron nunca desayunar y disminuyó un 4 % quienes reportaron traer merienda de la casa. Concusiones: El comedor escolar mostró el potencial de generar cambios en hábitos y conocimientos nutricionales de las niñas y los niños. Es necesario fomentar iniciativas educativas por períodos mayores de tiempo y con procesos de evaluación que valoren la adherencia de la población meta a hábitos y prácticas saludables a largo plazo.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Childhood obesity and overweight have reached alarming numbers world wise. The school environment has proven to be an optimal area to develop strategies against this situation. Methods: This project had the main objective of creating and implementing an educational approach to use the school canteen as a nutrition educational space. Its target population were the students from first to sixth grade and the school staff. It was developed in four phases: diagnosis, proposal, implementation and evaluation. A guided questionnaire was applied to students inquiring about food preferences and practices, and their opinions on the school canteen. In addition, there were focus groups with the staff and an evaluation of the consuming area in structure and service. The proposal included the importance of breakfast, self-regulation of meals and fruit and vegetable consumption. Education messages were created, tastings for new preparations were implemented and the redecoration of the dining area developed for a three-month period. Results: After the implementation, there were no changes in food preferences or opinion on the canteen. The main changes were found in students who reported eating double lunch, which decreased by 12%, the ones that said they never ate breakfast decreased 3% and the ones who bring snacks, decreased 4% Conclusion: the school canteen demonstrated to be useful to make changes in nutritional habits and knowledge of the students. However, it is necessary to encourage other nutritional education projects for longer periods and better long-term adherence evaluation of the healthy eating practices in the students.

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          Early influences on the development of food preferences.

          The ability to perceive flavors begins in utero with the development and early functioning of the gustatory and olfactory systems. Because both amniotic fluid and breast milk contain molecules derived from the mother's diet, learning about flavors in foods begins in the womb and during early infancy. This early experience serves as the foundation for the continuing development of food preferences across the lifespan, and is shaped by the interplay of biological, social, and environmental factors. Shortly after birth, young infants show characteristic taste preferences: sweet and umami elicit positive responses; bitter and sour elicit negative responses. These taste preferences may reflect a biological drive towards foods that are calorie- and protein-dense and an aversion to foods that are poisonous or toxic. Early likes and dislikes are influenced by these innate preferences, but are also modifiable. Repeated exposure to novel or disliked foods that occurs in a positive, supportive environment may promote the acceptance of and eventually a preference for those foods. Alternatively, children who are pressured to eat certain foods may show decreased preference for those foods later on. With increasing age, the influence of a number of factors, such as peers and food availability, continue to mold food preferences and eating behaviors. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Influence of licensed spokescharacters and health cues on children's ratings of cereal taste.

            To investigate whether licensed media spokescharacters on food packaging and nutrition cues affect young children's taste assessment of products. In this experimental study, children viewed 1 of 4 professionally created cereal boxes and tasted a "new" cereal. Manipulations included presence or absence of licensed cartoon spokescharacters on the box and healthy or sugary cereal name. Shopping center in a large northeastern city in December 2007. Eighty children (mean [SD] age, 5.6 [0.96] years; 53% girls) and their parents or guardians. Licensed cartoon characters and nutrition cues in the cereal name. Children rated the cereal's taste on a 5-point smiley face scale (1, really do not like; 5, really like). Children who saw a popular media character on the box reported liking the cereal more (mean [SD], 4.70 [0.86]) than those who viewed a box with no character on it (4.16 [1.24]). Those who were told the cereal was named Healthy Bits liked the taste more (mean [SD], 4.65 [0.84]) than children who were told it was named Sugar Bits (4.22 [1.27]). Character presence was particularly influential on taste assessments for participants who were told the cereal was named Sugar Bits. The use of media characters on food packaging affects children's subjective taste assessment. Messages encouraging healthy eating may resonate with young children, but the presence of licensed characters on packaging potentially overrides children's assessments of nutritional merit.
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              Repeated exposure and associative conditioning promote preschool children's liking of vegetables.

              Most young children do not meet current dietary recommendations, consuming too many energy-dense foods and too few nutrient-dense foods like vegetables. We compared two approaches to increasing children's liking of vegetables by having them repeatedly taste small portions of vegetables that were initially not liked, presented either alone (repeated exposure; RE) or with a liked dip (associative conditioning; AC). We first conducted a between-subjects experiment, where classrooms at a childcare center were each assigned a vegetable that most children did not like, and individual children were assigned to either the RE or AC condition. A second experiment was conducted to test whether the same results would be obtained using a within-subjects design, in which each child was assigned to repeatedly taste two vegetables that were not liked, one presented with dip and one without. In both experiments, vegetable liking was assessed before, during, and after a series of eight tasting trials, and vegetable intake was measured before and after the tasting trials in Experiment 1. In both experiments, children's vegetable liking increased from pre- to post-test, but there was no evidence of associative conditioning effects. Increases in vegetable liking, as well as intake, were similar across conditions. Although the addition of the liked dip did not augment overall effects on vegetable liking, there was some evidence that the liked dips could be used to encourage initial tasting of vegetables. In both experiments and both conditions, increases in liking were detected by the sixth exposure to the vegetable. Additional tasting trials did not produce additional increases in liking, but the increases in liking were sustained throughout the experiments. The current evidence suggests that administering few small tastes of vegetables that are initially not liked can have a lasting impact on preschool children's liking and intake of those vegetables. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                psm
                Población y Salud en Mesoamérica
                PSM
                Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro Centroamericano de Población (San Pedro, San José, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica )
                1659-0201
                December 2020
                : 18
                : 1
                : 98-121
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica xinia.fernandezrojas@ 123456ucr.ac.cr
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica nicoleumana11@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1659-02012020000200098 S1659-0201(20)01800100098
                10.15517/psm.v18i1.39645
                7570e13c-05ae-433e-99f7-8498ffd66fc6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 November 2019
                : 05 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 24
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Categories
                Artículo

                Childhood obesity,nutrition education,educación nutricional, comedor escolar,Obesidad infantil,School food dining

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