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      Sedentary Lifestyle and High-Carbohydrate Intake are Associated with Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation in Post-Menopause: A Cross-sectional Study Translated title: Sedentarismo e alto consumo de carboidratos associados à inflamação crônica de baixo grau na pós-menopausa: um estudo transversal

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          Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in post menopausal women, and inflammation is involved in the atherosclerosis process. Purpose to assess whether dietary pattern, metabolic profile, body composition and physical activity are associated with low-grade chronic inflammation according to highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in postmenopausal women. Methods ninety-five postmenopausal participants, with no evidence of clinical disease, underwent anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal assessments. Usual dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire, habitual physical activity was measured with a digital pedometer, and body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Patients with hs-CRP ≥ 10 mg/L or using hormone therapy in the last three months before the study were excluded from the analysis. Participants were stratified according to hs-CRP lower or ≥3 mg/L. Sedentary lifestyle was defined as walking fewer than 6 thousand steps a day. Two-tailed Student's t-test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U or Chi-square (x 2) test were used to compare differences between groups. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio of variables for high hs-CRP. Results participants with hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L had higher body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), triglycerides, glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01 for all variables) than women with hs-CRP <3 mg/L. Also, women with hs-CRP ≥3 mg/L had a higher glycemic load diet and lower protein intake. Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle (p < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01) was higher in women with hs-CRP ≥3 mg/L. After adjustment for age and time since menopause, the odds ratio for hs- CRP ≥3 mg/L was higher for sedentary lifestyle (4.7, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.4-15.5) and carbohydrate intake (2.9, 95%CI 1.1-7.7). Conclusions sedentary lifestyle and high-carbohydrate intake were associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and cardiovascular risk in postmenopause.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Introdução A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morte em mulheres na pós-menpausa e inflamação está envolvida com o processo de aterosclerose. Objetivo avaliar se o padrão alimentar, o perfilmetabólico, a composição corporal e a atividade física estão associados à inflamação crônica de baixo grau, de acordo com os níveis de proteína C-reativa (PCR-us), em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos noventa e cinco participantes pós-menopáusicas foram submetidas a avaliações antropométrica, metabólica e hormonal. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar, a atividade física habitual, com pedômetro digital, e a composição corporal, por bioimpedância elétrica. Pacientes com PCR-us ≥10 mg/L ou em uso de terapia hormonal nos últimos três meses antes do estudo foram excluídas. As participantes foram estratificadas de acordo PCR-us inferior ou ≥3 mg/L. Pacientes com menos de 6 mil passos/dia foram consideradas sedentárias. Para análise estatística foram utilizados teste t de Student, Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney U ou Qui-quadrado (x 2), além de modelo de regressão logística para estimar a razão de chances para PCR-us elevada. Resultados participantes com PCR-us ≥3 mg/L apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência da cintura, triglicerídeos, glicose e índice de insulino-resistência (HOMA-IR) (p = 0,01) comparadas às mulheres com PCR-us <3 mg/L. O grupo PCR-us ≥3 mg/L apresentou uma dieta com maior carga glicêmica e menor ingestão de proteínas. A prevalência de sedentarismo e síndrome metabólica foi maior em mulheres com PCR-us ≥3 mg/L (p < 0,01). Após ajuste para idade e tempo de menopausa, a razão de chances para PCR-us ≥3mg/L foi maior nas sedentárias (4,7, intervalo de confiança de 95% [95%CI] 1,4-15,5) e com maior ingestão de carboidratos (2,9, 95%CI 1.1-7,7). Conclusões Sedentarismo e alta ingestão de carboidratos foram associados com inflamação crônica de baixo grau e risco cardiovascular em mulheres na pósmenopausa.

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          Most cited references35

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          Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults--the evidence report

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            Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health.

            Frank Hu (2005)
            Widespread popularity of high-protein diets has drawn controversy as well as scientific interest. By reducing intake of carbohydrates and increasing consumption of fats and proteins, such diets are thought to increase satiety, facilitate weight loss, and improve cardiovascular risk factors. In recent years, many randomized controlled studies have compared the effects of higher-protein diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors with those of lower-protein diets. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of experimental and epidemiologic evidence regarding the role of protein in weight loss and cardiovascular risk. Emerging evidence from clinical trials indicates that higher-protein diets increase short-term weight loss and improve blood lipids, but long-term data are lacking. Findings from epidemiologic studies show a significant relationship between increased protein intake and lower risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease. However, different sources of protein appear to have different effects on cardiovascular disease. Although optimal amounts and sources of protein cannot be determined at this time, evidence suggests a potential benefit of partially replace refined carbohydrates with protein sources low in saturated fats.
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              To investigate the impact of waist circumference (WC) on heart rate variability in 87 apparently healthy, postmenopausal women.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbgo
                Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
                Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.
                Federação Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
                1806-9339
                July 2016
                : 38
                : 7
                : 317-324
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0100-72032016000700317
                10.1055/s-0036-1584582
                75719bbd-110d-40df-a9e5-d1cac8cd2c46

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-7203&lng=en
                Categories
                OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                inflammation,cardiovascular disease,menopause,dietary pattern,physical activity,inflamação,doença cardiovascular,menopausa,padrões dietéticos,atividade física

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