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      Are Serum Vitamin D Levels Associated With Dry Eye Disease? Results From the Study Group for Environmental Eye Disease

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Dry eye disease (DED) is an increasingly important public health problem in Korea. Previous studies conducted in Korea have reported inconsistent results regarding the protective effects of vitamin D on DED, and these discrepancies may be related to the relatively simple questionnaire that has been used. Thus, we evaluated the association of serum vitamin D levels with DED using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI).

          Methods

          The present study evaluated data from participants in the Study Group for Environmental Eye Disease (2014-2015). This group included data from 752 participants, and data from 740 participants (253 men and 487 women) were analyzed in the present study. DED severity was evaluated using the OSDI.

          Results

          Higher serum vitamin D levels were associated with a non-significantly reduced risk of DED in the crude analysis (odds ratio [OR], 0.991; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.971 to 1.011) and in the adjusted analysis (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.966 to 1.010). In the crude analysis of no/mild DED vs. moderate/severe DED, men exhibited a decreased risk with increasing serum vitamin D levels (OR, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.950 to 1.051), while women exhibited an increased risk (OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 0.979 to 1.027). In these analyses, we found no significant associations.

          Conclusions

          The findings of the present study support previous reports that serum vitamin D levels are not associated with DED.

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          Most cited references30

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          Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women.

          Dry eye syndrome (DES) is believed to be one of the most common ocular problems in the United States (US), particularly among older women. However, there are few studies describing the magnitude of the problem in women and how this may vary with demographic characteristics. Cross-sectional prevalence survey. we surveyed 39,876 US women participating in the Women's Health Study about a history of diagnosed DES and dry eye symptoms. we defined DES as the presence of clinically diagnosed DES or severe symptoms (both dryness and irritation constantly or often). We calculated the age-specific prevalence of DES and adjusted the overall prevalence to the age distribution of women in the US population. We used logistic regression to examine associations between DES and other demographic factors. The prevalence of DES increased with age, from 5.7% among women or = 75 years old. The age-adjusted prevalence of DES was 7.8%, or 3.23 million women aged > or = 50 in the US. Compared with Whites, Hispanic (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-2.80) and Asian (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.17-2.69) women were more likely to report severe symptoms, but not clinically diagnosed DES. There were no significant differences by income (P([trend]) =.78), but more educated women were less likely to have DES (P([trend]) =.03). Women from the South had the highest prevalence of DES, though the magnitude of geographic differences was modest. Dry eye syndrome leading to a clinical diagnosis or severe symptoms is prevalent, affecting over 3.2 million American women middle-aged and older. Although the condition is more prevalent among older women, it also affects many women in their 40s and 50s. Further research is needed to better understand DES and its impact on public health and quality of life.
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            The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease.

            Dry eye disease (DED) is common; its prevalence around the world varies from 5% to 34%. Its putative pathogenetic mechanisms include hyperosmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. Dry eye is clinically subdivided into two subtypes: one with decreased tear secretion (aqueous-deficient DED), and one with increased tear evaporation (hyperevaporative DED).
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              Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies.

              To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) among US men. Cross-sectional prevalence survey among male participants 50 years and older in the Physicians' Health Studies I (N = 18,596) and II (N = 6848). We defined DED as the presence of clinically diagnosed dry eye or severe symptoms (both dryness and irritation constantly or often). We calculated the age-standardized prevalence of DED adjusted to the age distribution of US men in 2004 and projected estimates forward to 2030. We compared DED prevalence with a similar cohort of women and examined associations with possible risk factors. The prevalence of DED increased with age, from 3.90% among men aged 50 to 54 years to 7.67% among men 80 years and older (P for trend <.001). High blood pressure (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.45) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.44) were associated with a higher risk of DED. Use of antidepressants, antihypertensives, and medications to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia were also associated with increased risk of DED. The age-standardized prevalence of DED was 4.34%, or 1.68 million men 50 years and older, and is expected to affect more than 2.79 million US men by 2030. Dry eye disease is prevalent and increases with age, hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and antidepressant use.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Prev Med Public Health
                J Prev Med Public Health
                JPMPH
                Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
                Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
                1975-8375
                2233-4521
                November 2017
                2 November 2017
                : 50
                : 6
                : 369-376
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                [4 ]Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                [5 ]Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Hyeon Chang Kim, MD, PhD 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-1873, Fax: +82-2-392-8133 E-mail: hckim@ 123456yuhs.ac
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-8357
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8004-8244
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-1240
                Article
                jpmph-50-6-369
                10.3961/jpmph.17.089
                5717328
                29207448
                759f50b1-66c2-46a7-b930-e237bae6fbb8
                Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 7 June 2017
                : 20 October 2017
                Categories
                Original Article

                Public health
                dry eye syndromes,keratoconjunctivitis sicca,vitamin d,25-hydroxyvitamin d2,korea
                Public health
                dry eye syndromes, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, vitamin d, 25-hydroxyvitamin d2, korea

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