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      Recognition Memory is Improved by a Structured Temporal Framework During Encoding

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          Abstract

          In order to function optimally within our environment, we continuously extract temporal patterns from our experiences and formulate expectations that facilitate adaptive behavior. Given that our memories are embedded within spatiotemporal contexts, an intriguing possibility is that mnemonic processes are sensitive to the temporal structure of events. To test this hypothesis, in a series of behavioral experiments we manipulated the regularity of interval durations at encoding to create temporally structured and unstructured frameworks. Our findings revealed enhanced recognition memory ( d′) for stimuli that were explicitly encoded within a temporally structured vs. unstructured framework. Encoding information within a temporally structured framework was also associated with a reduction in the negative effects of proactive interference and was linked to greater recollective recognition memory. Furthermore, rhythmic temporal structure was found to enhance recognition memory for incidentally encoded information. Collectively, these results support the possibility that we possess a greater capacity to learn and subsequently remember temporally structured information.

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          Most cited references31

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          Schemas and memory consolidation.

          Memory encoding occurs rapidly, but the consolidation of memory in the neocortex has long been held to be a more gradual process. We now report, however, that systems consolidation can occur extremely quickly if an associative "schema" into which new information is incorporated has previously been created. In experiments using a hippocampal-dependent paired-associate task for rats, the memory of flavor-place associations became persistent over time as a putative neocortical schema gradually developed. New traces, trained for only one trial, then became assimilated and rapidly hippocampal-independent. Schemas also played a causal role in the creation of lasting associative memory representations during one-trial learning. The concept of neocortical schemas may unite psychological accounts of knowledge structures with neurobiological theories of systems memory consolidation.
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            Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence.

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              Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model.

              Evidence is presented that recognition judgments are based on an assessment of familiarity, as is described by signal detection theory, but that a separate recollection process also contributes to performance. In 3 receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) experiments, the process dissociation procedure was used to examine the contribution of these processes to recognition memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, reducing the length of the study list increased the intercept (d') but decreased the slope of the ROC and increased the probability of recollection but left familiarity relatively unaffected. In Experiment 3, increasing study time increased the intercept but left the slope of the ROC unaffected and increased both recollection and familiarity. In all 3 experiments, judgments based on familiarity produced a symmetrical ROC (slope = 1), but recollection introduced a skew such that the slope of the ROC decreased.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                20 January 2016
                2015
                : 6
                : 2062
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
                [2] 2Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto ON, Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Miriam Ittyerah, Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences, India

                Reviewed by: Giovanni Mento, University of Padua, Italy; Sandra Düzel, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development, Germany

                *Correspondence: Sathesan Thavabalasingam, tsathesan@ 123456gmail.com ; Andy C. H. Lee, andych.lee@ 123456utoronto.ca

                This article was submitted to Cognition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02062
                4720003
                26834673
                75ad80ed-badf-4da2-980e-43b62e65bd21
                Copyright © 2016 Thavabalasingam, O’Neil, Zeng and Lee.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 02 November 2015
                : 31 December 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 11, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 10.13039/501100000038
                Award ID: 402651-11, 412309-11
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                recognition memory,episodic memory,timing,temporal expectation,temporal structure,interference

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