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      Is the news making us unhappy? The influence of daily news exposure on emotional states

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          Abstract

          There is evidence that exposure to negative news is making people feel bad, but not much is known about why this only affects some people or whether this also applies to everyday news exposure. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of daily news exposure on people's affective states. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), 63 respondents (24 men and 39 women) reported their news exposure and affective states five times a day for 10 days. In addition, personal relevance of the news and personality characteristics, neuroticism and extraversion, were assessed. Results showed that negative news perceptions were related to more negative affect and less positive affect, and these effects were moderated by personal relevance, but not personality characteristics. The implications of these outcomes are discussed.

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          Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.

          Michael F Scheier, Charles S. Carver (1985)
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            Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks.

            Adam D I Kramer, Jamie Guillory, Jeffrey T. Hancock (2014)
            Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring positive and negative emotions to others. Data from a large real-world social network, collected over a 20-y period suggests that longer-lasting moods (e.g., depression, happiness) can be transferred through networks [Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2008) BMJ 337:a2338], although the results are controversial. In an experiment with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs outside of in-person interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. This work also suggests that, in contrast to prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and nonverbal cues are not strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the observation of others' positive experiences constitutes a positive experience for people.
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              Experience Sampling Method

              Joel Hektner, Jennifer Schmidt, Mihály Csíkszentmihályi (2007)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Natascha de Hoog:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-7855
                Natascha.dehoog@ou.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Br J Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Br J Psychol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)2044-8295
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BJOP
                Title: British Journal of Psychology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0007-1269
                ISSN (Electronic): 2044-8295
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 March 2019
                Publication date (Print): May 2020
                Volume: 111
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/bjop.v111.2 )
                Pages: 157-173
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence should be addressed to Natascha de Hoog, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands (email: Natascha.dehoog@ 123456ou.nl ).
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-7855
                Article
                Publisher ID: BJOP12389
                DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12389
                PMC ID: 7187375
                PubMed ID: 30900253
                SO-VID: 75c83f34-c9b8-4011-ba7a-232081f17aa5
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors. British Journal of Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Psychological Society
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 27 September 2018
                Date revision received : 22 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 17, Words: 8659
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date May 2020
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.1 mode:remove_FC converted:28.04.2020

                Keywords: daily news,negative affect,personal relevance,positive affect
                Data availability:
                Keywords: daily news, negative affect, personal relevance, positive affect

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