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      Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

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          Abstract

          Over the last 100–120 years, due to the ever-increasing importance of fluorine-containing compounds in modern technology and daily life, the explosive development of the fluorochemical industry led to an enormous increase of emission of fluoride ions into the biosphere. This made it more and more important to understand the biological activities, metabolism, degradation, and possible environmental hazards of such substances. This comprehensive and critical review focuses on the effects of fluoride ions and organofluorine compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals) on human health and the environment. To give a better overview, various connected topics are also discussed: reasons and trends of the advance of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, metabolism of fluorinated drugs, withdrawn fluorinated drugs, natural sources of organic and inorganic fluorine compounds in the environment (including the biosphere), sources of fluoride intake, and finally biomarkers of fluoride exposure.

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          Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018

          Lorenzo Galluzzi, Ilio Vitale, Stuart A. Aaronson … (2018)
          Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2076 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death.

            Susan Elmore (2007)
            The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
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              Fluorine in pharmaceuticals: looking beyond intuition.

              K. Müller, C. Faeh, F Diederich (2007)
              Fluorine substituents have become a widespread and important drug component, their introduction facilitated by the development of safe and selective fluorinating agents. Organofluorine affects nearly all physical and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of a lead compound. Its inductive effects are relatively well understood, enhancing bioavailability, for example, by reducing the basicity of neighboring amines. In contrast, exploration of the specific influence of carbon-fluorine single bonds on docking interactions, whether through direct contact with the protein or through stereoelectronic effects on molecular conformation of the drug, has only recently begun. Here, we review experimental progress in this vein and add complementary analysis based on comprehensive searches in the Cambridge Structural Database and the Protein Data Bank.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1082 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chem Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chem Rev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cr
                Journal ID (coden): chreay
                Title: Chemical Reviews
                Publisher: American Chemical Society
                ISSN (Print): 0009-2665
                ISSN (Electronic): 1520-6890
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 March 2021
                Publication date (Print): 28 April 2021
                Volume: 121
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 4678-4742
                Affiliations
                [† ]Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037, China
                [‡ ]University of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre , Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
                [§ ]Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [∥ ]Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia , 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
                [⊥ ]Hamari Chemicals Ltd. , 1-19-40, Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-0034, Japan
                []Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
                [△ ]IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao, Spain
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-0764
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2857-1935
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7575-9439
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-4526
                Article
                DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01263
                PMC ID: 8945431
                PubMed ID: 33723999
                SO-VID: 75d15269-810b-4553-b413-38f3fe7c0d2c
                Copyright © © 2021 American Chemical Society
                License:

                Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 29 November 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 21761132021
                Funded by: Hungarian Research Foundation, doi NA;
                Award ID: K 119282
                Funded by: Agencia Estatal de Investigación, doi NA;
                Award ID: CTQ2017-84249-P
                Funded by: European Regional Development Fund, doi 10.13039/501100008530;
                Award ID: GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00014
                Funded by: Emberi Eroforrások Minisztériuma, doi 10.13039/501100005881;
                Award ID: 20391-3/2018/FEKUSTRAT
                Funded by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, doi 10.13039/501100004837;
                Award ID: NA
                Funded by: Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS, doi 10.13039/501100004329;
                Award ID: P1-0045
                Funded by: Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, doi 10.13039/501100003989;
                Award ID: NA
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                document-id-old-9 cr0c01263
                document-id-new-14 cr0c01263
                ccc-price

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

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