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      Mycotoxins

      1 , 2
      Clinical Microbiology Reviews
      American Society for Microbiology

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY

          Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. Because of their pharmacological activity, some mycotoxins or mycotoxin derivatives have found use as antibiotics, growth promotants, and other kinds of drugs; still others have been implicated as chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on the most important ones associated with human and veterinary diseases, including aflatoxin, citrinin, ergot akaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone.

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          Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa.

          Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent cancer in sub-Saharan Africa and eastern Asia. Hepatitis B virus and aflatoxins are risk factors for HCC, but the molecular mechanism of human hepatocellular carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Abnormalities in the structure and expression of the tumour-suppressor gene p53 are frequent in HCC cell lines, and allelic losses from chromosome 17p have been found in HCCs from China and Japan. Here we report on allelic deletions from chromosome 17p and mutations of the p53 gene found in 50% of primary HCCs from southern Africa. Four of five mutations detected were G----T substitutions, with clustering at codon 249. This mutation specificity could reflect exposure to a specific carcinogen, one candidate being aflatoxin B1 (ref. 7), a food contaminant in Africa, which is both a mutagen that induces G to T substitution and a liver-specific carcinogen.
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            Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas.

            Human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from patients in Qidong, an area of high incidence in China, in which both hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1 are risk factors, were analysed for mutations in p53, a putative tumour-suppressor gene. Eight of the 16 HCC had a point mutation at the third base position of codon 249. The G----T transversion in seven HCC DNA samples and the G----C transversion in the other HCC are consistent with mutations caused by aflatoxin B1 in mutagenesis experiments. No mutations were found in exons 5,6,8 or the remainder of exon 7. These results contrast with p53 mutations previously reported in carcinomas and sarcomas of human lung, colon, oesophagus and breast; these are primarily scattered over four of the five evolutionarily conserved domains, which include codon 249 (refs 4-9). We suggest that the mutant p53 protein may be responsible for a selective clonal expansion of hepatocytes during carcinogenesis.
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              Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clinical Microbiology Reviews
                CMR
                American Society for Microbiology
                0893-8512
                1098-6618
                July 2003
                July 2003
                : 16
                : 3
                : 497-516
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
                [2 ] Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124
                Article
                10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
                12857779
                75e33237-fa0c-439b-b060-510ab7f32916
                © 2003
                History

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