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      Exercise perspective on common cardiac medications

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          Abstract

          Medicinal tablets have been used for a long time to treat cardiovascular disease. However, mortality rate is steadily increasing partly because of the patients’ sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet. By contrast, exercise has been systematically shown to have multiple benefits. Regular exercise training can prevent various diseases in healthy individuals. Combined exercise and cardiac medications may lead to the improvement of heart disease. Numerous exercise training pathways still need further investigations. How exercise can prevent, treat, or attenuate diseases remains somewhat elusive. Thus, this review will discuss cardiac medications in parallel with the mechanism of action of exercise.

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          Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association

          Scott M. Grundy, Ivor J. Benjamin, Gregory L. Burke … (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 328 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance.

            José Moreno-Navarrete, Francisco Ortega, Marta Serrano … (2013)
            Recently irisin (encoded by Fndc5 gene) has been reported to stimulate browning and uncoupling protein 1 expression in sc adipose tissue of mice. The objective of the study was to investigate FNDC5 gene expression in human muscle and adipose tissue and circulating irisin according to obesity, insulin sensitivity, and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue FNDC5 gene expression and circulating irisin (ELISA) were analyzed in 2 different cohorts (n = 125 and n = 76); muscle FNDC5 expression was also evaluated in a subcohort of 34 subjects. In vitro studies in human preadipocytes and adipocytes and in induced browning of 3T3-L1 cells (by means of retinoblastoma 1 silencing) were also performed. In both sc and visceral adipose tissue, FNDC5 gene expression decreased significantly in association with obesity and was positively associated with brown adipose tissue markers, lipogenic, insulin pathway-related, mitochondrial, and alternative macrophage gene markers and negatively associated with LEP, TNFα, and FSP27 (a known repressor of brown genes). Circulating irisin and irisin levels in adipose tissue were significantly associated with FNDC5 gene expression in adipose tissue. In muscle, the FNDC5 gene was 200-fold more expressed than in adipose tissue, and its expression was associated with body mass index, PGC1α, and other mitochondrial genes. In obese participants, FNDC5 gene expression in muscle was significantly decreased in association with type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, muscle FNDC5 gene expression was significantly associated with FNDC5 and UCP1 gene expression in visceral adipose tissue. In men, circulating irisin levels were negatively associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Irisin was secreted from human adipocytes into the media, and the induction of browning in 3T3-L1 cells led to increased secreted irisin levels. Decreased circulating irisin concentration and FNDC5 gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle from obese and type 2 diabetic subjects suggests a loss of brown-like characteristics and a potential target for therapy.
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              Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/insertion polymorphism.

              P. Saxena, G Riegger, A. Danser … (1995)
              An insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with differences in the plasma levels of ACE as well as with myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, and coronary artery disease. We determined the cardiac ACE activity and the ACE genotype in 71 subjects who died of noncardiac disorders. Cardiac ACE activity was significantly higher (P < .01) in subjects with the ACE DD genotype (12.7 +/- 1.9 mU/g wet wt) compared with subjects with the ID (8.7 +/- 0.8 mU/g) and the II (9.1 +/- 1.0 mU/g) genotypes. This difference was independent of sex, age, and the time required for tissue collection. Cardiac ACE activity is highest in subjects with the DD genotype. Elevated cardiac ACE activity in these subjects may result in increased cardiac angiotensin II levels, and this may be a mechanism underlying the reported association between the ACE deletion polymorphism and the increased risk for several cardiovascular disorders.
              Article 0 comments Cited 72 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jin Han
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Integr Med Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Integr Med Res
                Title: Integrative Medicine Research
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 2213-4220
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-4239
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 April 2013
                Publication date (Print): June 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 April 2013
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 49-55
                Affiliations
                [0005]National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea phyhanj@ 123456inje.ac.kr
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2213-4220(13)00025-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2013.04.006
                PMC ID: 5481675
                SO-VID: 76200288-e3fc-44e9-902d-62be7dd50738
                Copyright © © 2013 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Published by Elsevier.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 March 2013
                Date revision received : 15 April 2013
                Date accepted : 15 April 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: cardiac medication,exercise,heart disease
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cardiac medication, exercise, heart disease

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