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      Antimicrobial Activity against Paenibacillus larvae and Functional Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains: Potential Benefits for Honeybee Health

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          Abstract

          Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a severe bacterial disease that affects larvae of honeybees. The present study evaluated, in vitro, antimicrobial activity of sixty-one Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, against P. larvae ATCC 9545. Five strains (P8, P25, P86, P95 and P100) that showed the greatest antagonism against P. larvae ATCC 9545 were selected for further physiological and biochemical characterizations. In particular, the hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, exopolysaccharides production, osmotic tolerance, enzymatic activity and carbohydrate assimilation patterns were evaluated. The five L. plantarum selected strains showed suitable physical and biochemical properties for their use as probiotics in the honeybee diet. The selection and availability of new selected bacteria with good functional characteristics and with antagonistic activity against P. larvae opens up interesting perspectives for new biocontrol strategies of diseases such as AFB.

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          Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health.

          María V Selma, Juan C Espín, Francisco Tomás-Barberán (2009)
          Dietary phenolic compounds are often transformed before absorption. This transformation modulates their biological activity. Different studies have been carried out to understand gut microbiota transformations of particular polyphenol types and identify the responsible microorganisms. Although there are potentially thousands of different phenolic compounds in the diet, they are typically transformed to a much smaller number of metabolites. The aim of this review was to discuss the current information about the microbial degradation metabolites obtained from different phenolics and their formation pathways, identifying their differences and similarities. The modulation of gut microbial population by phenolics was also reviewed in order to understand the two-way phenolic-microbiota interaction. Clostridium and Eubacterium genera, which are phylogenetically associated, are other common elements involved in the metabolism of many phenolics. The health benefits from phenolic consumption should be attributed to their bioactive metabolites and also to the modulation of the intestinal bacterial population.
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            Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera

            J Evans, K Aronstein, Y. P. Chen … (2006)
            Social insects are able to mount both group-level and individual defences against pathogens. Here we focus on individual defences, by presenting a genome-wide analysis of immunity in a social insect, the honey bee Apis mellifera. We present honey bee models for each of four signalling pathways associated with immunity, identifying plausible orthologues for nearly all predicted pathway members. When compared to the sequenced Drosophila and Anopheles genomes, honey bees possess roughly one-third as many genes in 17 gene families implicated in insect immunity. We suggest that an implied reduction in immune flexibility in bees reflects either the strength of social barriers to disease, or a tendency for bees to be attacked by a limited set of highly coevolved pathogens.
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              Influence of Pollen Nutrition on Honey Bee Health: Do Pollen Quality and Diversity Matter?

              Garance Di Pasquale, Marion Salignon, Yves Le Conte … (2013)
              Honey bee colonies are highly dependent upon the availability of floral resources from which they get the nutrients (notably pollen) necessary to their development and survival. However, foraging areas are currently affected by the intensification of agriculture and landscape alteration. Bees are therefore confronted to disparities in time and space of floral resource abundance, type and diversity, which might provide inadequate nutrition and endanger colonies. The beneficial influence of pollen availability on bee health is well-established but whether quality and diversity of pollen diets can modify bee health remains largely unknown. We therefore tested the influence of pollen diet quality (different monofloral pollens) and diversity (polyfloral pollen diet) on the physiology of young nurse bees, which have a distinct nutritional physiology (e.g. hypopharyngeal gland development and vitellogenin level), and on the tolerance to the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae by measuring bee survival and the activity of different enzymes potentially involved in bee health and defense response (glutathione-S-transferase (detoxification), phenoloxidase (immunity) and alkaline phosphatase (metabolism)). We found that both nurse bee physiology and the tolerance to the parasite were affected by pollen quality. Pollen diet diversity had no effect on the nurse bee physiology and the survival of healthy bees. However, when parasitized, bees fed with the polyfloral blend lived longer than bees fed with monofloral pollens, excepted for the protein-richest monofloral pollen. Furthermore, the survival was positively correlated to alkaline phosphatase activity in healthy bees and to phenoloxydase activities in infected bees. Our results support the idea that both the quality and diversity (in a specific context) of pollen can shape bee physiology and might help to better understand the influence of agriculture and land-use intensification on bee nutrition and health.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antibiotics (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antibiotics (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antibiotics
                Title: Antibiotics
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-6382
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 July 2020
                Publication date Collection: August 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 442
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; iorizzo@ 123456unimol.it (M.I.); bruno.testa@ 123456unimol.it (B.T.); silvia.lombardi@ 123456unimol.it (S.J.L.); m.ianiro@ 123456studenti.unimol.it (M.I.); francesco.letizia@ 123456unimol.it (F.L.); succi@ 123456unimol.it (M.S.); tremonte@ 123456unimol.it (P.T.); franca.vergalito@ 123456unimol.it (F.V.); autilia.cozzolino@ 123456unimol.it (A.C.); sorrentino@ 123456unimol.it (E.S.); coppola@ 123456unimol.it (R.C.); maxman@ 123456unimol.it (M.M.); decrist@ 123456unimol.it (A.D.C.)
                [2 ]Consorzio Nazionale Produttori Apistici CONAPROA, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; sonia_petrarca@ 123456libero.it
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-900X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-9161
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-7642
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-6801
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-9329
                Article
                Publisher ID: antibiotics-09-00442
                DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080442
                PMC ID: 7460353
                PubMed ID: 32722196
                SO-VID: 7636efd0-1f24-4df2-a5c4-450a593bad70
                Copyright statement: © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 06 July 2020
                Date accepted : 22 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: lactiplantibacillus plantarum,probiotics,paenibacillus larvae,honeybee
                Data availability:
                Keywords: lactiplantibacillus plantarum, probiotics, paenibacillus larvae, honeybee

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