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      Expression and significance of the Hedgehog signal transduction pathway in oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in mice

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          Abstract

          Aim

          The aim of the study was to investigate the signal transduction mechanism of Hedgehog–vascular endothelial growth factor in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and the effects of cyclopamine on OIR.

          Methods

          An OIR model was established in C57BL/6J mice exposed to hyperoxia. Two hundred mice were randomly divided into a control group, an OIR group, an OIR-control group (treated with isometric phosphate-buffered saline by intravitreal injection), and a cyclopamine group (treated with cyclopamine by intravitreal injection), with 50 mice in each group. The retinal vascular morphology was observed using adenosine diphosphatase and number counting using hematoxylin and eosin-stained image. Quantitative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expression. Protein location and expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blot.

          Results

          The OIR group and OIR-control group demonstrated large-area pathological neovascularization and nonperfused area when compared with the control group (both P<0.05). The area of nonperfusion and neovascularization in the cyclopamine group was significantly reduced compared with the OIR and OIR-control groups (both P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the OIR and OIR-control groups had more vascular endothelial cells breaking through the inner limiting membrane. The number of new blood vessel endothelial cell nuclei in the cyclopamine group was significantly reduced (both P<0.05) when compared with the OIR and OIR-control groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of Smoothened, Gli1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the signal pathway of the OIR and OIR-control groups were significantly higher than those of the control group; however, in the cyclopamine group, these factors were reduced when compared with the OIR and OIR-control groups (all P<0.05).

          Conclusion

          Our data suggest that abnormal expression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway may be closely associated with the formation of OIR. Inhibiting the Smoothened receptor using cyclopamine could control retinal neovascularization, providing new ideas and measures for the prevention of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization.

          Most cited references46

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          Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse.

          To develop oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse with reproducible and quantifiable proliferative retinal neovascularization suitable for examining pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention for retinal neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and other vasculopathologies. One-week-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 75% oxygen for 5 days and then to room air. A novel fluorescein-dextran perfusion method has been developed to assess the vascular pattern. The proliferative neovascular response was quantified by counting the nuclei of new vessels extending from the retina into the vitreous in 6 microns sagittal cross-sections. Cross-sections were also stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Fluorescein-dextran angiography delineated the entire vascular pattern, including neovascular tufts in flat-mounted retinas. Hyperoxia-induced neovascularization occurred at the junction between the vascularized and avascular retina in the mid-periphery. Retinal neovascularization occurred in all the pups between postnatal day 17 and postnatal day 21. There was a mean of 89 neovascular nuclei per cross-section of 9 eyes in hyperoxia compared to less than 1 nucleus per cross-section of 8 eyes in the normoxia control (P < 0.0001). Proliferative vessels were not associated with GFAP-positive astrocyte processes. The authors have described a reproducible and quantifiable mouse model of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization that should prove useful for the study of pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization as well as for the study of medical intervention for ROP and other retinal angiopathies.
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            Targeting the Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: Review of Smoothened and GLI Inhibitors

            The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and tissue polarity. Aberrant activation of the Shh pathway has been shown in a variety of human cancers, including, basal cell carcinoma, malignant gliomas, medulloblastoma, leukemias, and cancers of the breast, lung, pancreas, and prostate. Tumorigenesis, tumor progression and therapeutic response have all been shown to be impacted by the Shh signaling pathway. Downstream effectors of the Shh pathway include smoothened (SMO) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) family of zinc finger transcription factors. Both are regarded as important targets for cancer therapeutics. While most efforts have been devoted towards pharmacologically targeting SMO, developing GLI-targeted approach has its merit because of the fact that GLI proteins can be activated by both Shh ligand-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To date, two SMO inhibitors (LDE225/Sonidegib and GDC-0449/Vismodegib) have received FDA approval for treating basal cell carcinoma while many clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this exciting class of targeted therapy in a variety of cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology of the Shh pathway and then detail the current landscape of the Shh-SMO-GLI pathway inhibitors including those in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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              Animal models of choroidal and retinal neovascularization.

              There have been numerous types of animal models of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal neovascularization (RNV). Understanding the pathobiology of CNV and RNV is important when evaluating and utilizing these models. Both CNV and RNV are dynamic processes. A break or defect in Bruchs' membrane is necessary for CNV to develop. This may be induced with a laser, mechanically via surgery, or in the setting of transgenic mice. Some of the transgenic mouse models spontaneously develop RNV and/or retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP)-like lesions. The pathogenesis of RNV is well-known and is generally related to ischemic retinopathy. Models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) closely resemble retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The streptozotocin (STZ) rat model develops features similar to diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes general categories and specific examples of animal models of CNV and RNV. There are no perfect models of CNV or RNV and individual investigators are encouraged to choose the model that best suits their needs. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove Medical Press
                1177-8881
                2018
                21 May 2018
                : 12
                : 1337-1346
                Affiliations
                Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Xiaolong Chen, Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, People’s Republic of China, Email chenxiaolong_sj@ 123456163.com
                Article
                dddt-12-1337
                10.2147/DDDT.S149594
                5968796
                765f8017-ad81-4225-82c3-9409d92f5514
                © 2018 Liu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                hedgehog signaling pathway,neovascularization,oxygen-induced retinopathy,retinopathy of prematurity,cyclopamine

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