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      Efectos del bypass gástrico sobre el riesgo cardiovascular y resolución de comorbilidades: resultados a 5 años Translated title: Effects of gastric bypass on cardiovascular risk and resolution of comorbidities: results at 5 years

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: la cirugía bariátrica es una alternativa terapéutica eficaz en la obesidad mórbida para conseguir pérdidas de peso importantes y mantenidas en el tiempo, la resolución de comorbilidades y una disminución del riesgo cardiovascular. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes intervenidos consecutivamente mediante bypass gástrico laparoscópico en nuestro centro durante 10 años, en los que se estudiaron la pérdida ponderal, la comorbilidad y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular previos a la cirugía y al final del seguimiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 303 pacientes, 221 mujeres y 82 hombres, con una edad media de 42,3 ± 10,0 años y un IMC de 48,2 ± 6,0 kg/m2. Se siguió al 96,7 % durante 5,7 ± 2,6 años de media. La resolución de comorbilidades al final del seguimiento fue: 53,4 % para la hipertensión arterial, 70,2 % para la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, 83,9 % para la dislipemia y 71,4 % para el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño. El riesgo cardiovascular estimado por el algoritmo REGICOR antes y al final del seguimiento fue de 3,2 ± 2,6 y 2,2 ± 1,7, respectivamente, disminuyendo un 32.2 %, al igual que todos los parámetros incluidos en su cálculo salvo los niveles de HDL-colesterol, que no experimentaron variaciones significativas. El índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de sobrepeso perdido a los 2 años y al final del seguimiento fueron de 30,7 ± 5,2 kg/m2 vs. 33.0 ± 6.1 kg/m2 y 66.4 ± 17.1 % vs. 57.9 ± 19.5 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el bypass gástrico es un método eficaz para resolver la comorbilidad y disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular, pero es muy importante el seguimiento del mayor número de pacientes posible y la comunicación de los resultados a largo plazo para determinar la efectividad real de estos procedimientos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background: bariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic alternative for morbid obesity as it achieves significant weight loss, maintained over time, as well as the resolution of comorbidities and a decreased cardiovascular risk. Material and methods: a retrospective study that included all patients consecutively undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass in our center for 10 years, in which weight loss, comorbidities, and cardiovascular risk factors were studied prior to surgery and at the end of follow-up. Results: 303 patients, 221 women and 82 men, with a mean age of 42.3 ± 10.0 years and BMI of 48.2 ± 6.0 kg/m2 were included. Of these, 96.7 % were followed for 5.7 ± 2.6 years on average. The resolution of comorbidities at the end of follow-up included: 53.4 % for high blood pressure, 70.2 % for diabetes mellitus type 2, 83.9 % for dyslipemia, and 71.4 % for apnea-hypopnea sleep syndrome. The cardiovascular risk estimated by the REGICOR algorithm before and at the end of follow-up was 3.2 ± 2.6 and 2.2 ± 1.7, respectively, with a decrease by 32.2 %, like all the parameters included in its calculation except for HDL-cholesterol levels, which did not experience significant variations. The body mass index and percentage of overweight lost at 2 years and at the end of the follow-up was 30.7 ± 5.2 kg/m2 vs. 33.0 ± 6.1 kg/m2 and 66.4 ± 17.1 % vs. 57.9 ± 19.5 %, respectively. Conclusion: gastric bypass is an effective method for the resolution of comorbidities and reduction of cardiovascular risk, but it is very important to monitor as many patients as possible, and to report on the long-term results, to determine the real effectiveness of these procedures.

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          Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Estimates of the relative mortality risks associated with normal weight, overweight, and obesity may help to inform decision making in the clinical setting. To perform a systematic review of reported hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality for overweight and obesity relative to normal weight in the general population. PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases were searched through September 30, 2012, without language restrictions. Articles that reported HRs for all-cause mortality using standard body mass index (BMI) categories from prospective studies of general populations of adults were selected by consensus among multiple reviewers. Studies were excluded that used nonstandard categories or that were limited to adolescents or to those with specific medical conditions or to those undergoing specific procedures. PubMed searches yielded 7034 articles, of which 141 (2.0%) were eligible. An EMBASE search yielded 2 additional articles. After eliminating overlap, 97 studies were retained for analysis, providing a combined sample size of more than 2.88 million individuals and more than 270,000 deaths. Data were extracted by 1 reviewer and then reviewed by 3 independent reviewers. We selected the most complex model available for the full sample and used a variety of sensitivity analyses to address issues of possible overadjustment (adjusted for factors in causal pathway) or underadjustment (not adjusted for at least age, sex, and smoking). Random-effects summary all-cause mortality HRs for overweight (BMI of 25-<30), obesity (BMI of ≥30), grade 1 obesity (BMI of 30-<35), and grades 2 and 3 obesity (BMI of ≥35) were calculated relative to normal weight (BMI of 18.5-<25). The summary HRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.96) for overweight, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.12-1.25) for obesity (all grades combined), 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88-1.01) for grade 1 obesity, and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.18-1.41) for grades 2 and 3 obesity. These findings persisted when limited to studies with measured weight and height that were considered to be adequately adjusted. The HRs tended to be higher when weight and height were self-reported rather than measured. Relative to normal weight, both obesity (all grades) and grades 2 and 3 obesity were associated with significantly higher all-cause mortality. Grade 1 obesity overall was not associated with higher mortality, and overweight was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality. The use of predefined standard BMI groupings can facilitate between-study comparisons.
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            Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events.

            Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular events. Weight loss might protect against cardiovascular events, but solid evidence is lacking. To study the association between bariatric surgery, weight loss, and cardiovascular events. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study is an ongoing, nonrandomized, prospective, controlled study conducted at 25 public surgical departments and 480 primary health care centers in Sweden of 2010 obese participants who underwent bariatric surgery and 2037 contemporaneously matched obese controls who received usual care. Patients were recruited between September 1, 1987, and January 31, 2001. Date of analysis was December 31, 2009, with median follow-up of 14.7 years (range, 0-20 years). Inclusion criteria were age 37 to 60 years and a body mass index of at least 34 in men and at least 38 in women. Exclusion criteria were identical in surgery and control patients. Surgery patients underwent gastric bypass (13.2%), banding (18.7%), or vertical banded gastroplasty (68.1%), and controls received usual care in the Swedish primary health care system. Physical and biochemical examinations and database cross-checks were undertaken at preplanned intervals. The primary end point of the SOS study (total mortality) was published in 2007. Myocardial infarction and stroke were predefined secondary end points, considered separately and combined. Bariatric surgery was associated with a reduced number of cardiovascular deaths (28 events among 2010 patients in the surgery group vs 49 events among 2037 patients in the control group; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.76; P = .002). The number of total first time (fatal or nonfatal) cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction or stroke, whichever came first) was lower in the surgery group (199 events among 2010 patients) than in the control group (234 events among 2037 patients; adjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.83; P < .001). Compared with usual care, bariatric surgery was associated with reduced number of cardiovascular deaths and lower incidence of cardiovascular events in obese adults.
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              Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial.

              Randomised controlled trials have shown that bariatric surgery is more effective than conventional treatment for the short-term control of type-2 diabetes. However, published studies are characterised by a relatively short follow-up. We aimed to assess 5 year outcomes from our randomised trial designed to compare surgery with conventional medical treatment for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in obese patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2020
                : 37
                : 4
                : 750-756
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Central de la Cruz Roja orgdiv1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición Spain
                [3] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal orgdiv1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición Spain
                [2] Madrid orgnameHospital Central de la Cruz Roja orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía General y de Aparato Digestivo Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112020000500015 S0212-1611(20)03700400015
                10.20960/nh.02993
                76643c6a-188d-44e5-a2c4-b372eaa7f634

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 February 2020
                : 04 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Weight loss,Comorbidities,Cardiovascular risk,REGICOR,Gastric bypass,Pérdida ponderal,Comorbilidad,Riesgo cardiovascular,Bypass gástrico

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