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      Early Life Domestic Pet Ownership, and the Risk of Pet Sensitization and Atopic Dermatitis in Preschool Children: A Prospective Birth Cohort in Shanghai

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          Abstract

          Background: Although domestic pet ownership is on the rise, the impact of early life pet ownership on children's pet sensitization and atopic dermatitis (AD) remains controversial.

          Methods: Shanghai Allergy Cohort is an ongoing prospective study followed up to the age of 5 years. Pregnant mothers were recruited and their offspring were followed up every year by a group of pediatricians. Information on furred pet ownership was collected by the questionnaire. AD was diagnosed by dermatologists according to disease history and Williams criteria at 5 years ± 1 months. Skin prick test (SPT) was performed to determine sensitization to specific allergens. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between pet ownership and AD, dog/cat sensitization.

          Results: In the 538 children at preschool age, 112 (20.82%) were diagnosed with AD. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farina were the most common allergens, and almost 10% of children were positive to dog and cat. The percentage of positive SPT reactors at 5-year old was 65.28% in the group of children with AD, higher than that in non-AD group (44.57%). Domestic pet ownership at both infant and preschool period was positively associated with an increased risk of sensitization to dog (OR adjusted = 2.85 [95% CI: 1.08–7.50 for infant exposure], OR adjusted = 2.73 [95% CI: 1.33–5.61] for preschool exposure), and interestingly, pet ownership at infant period negatively associated with higher risk of AD at 5-year old (OR adjusted = 0.33 [95% CI: 0.12–0.88]).

          Conclusion: This is the first prospective birth cohort study in Shanghai that found half of preschool children had positive allergen sensitization even in the non-AD children. Although early life exposure to dog may increase the risk of dog sensitization, it significantly decreased the risk of AD. The underlying mechanisms warrant further investigations.

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          The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation.

          H.C. WILLIAMS, P.G. JBURNEY, A.C. PEMBROKE … (1994)
          In order to qualify as a case of atopic dermatitis, we propose that an individual must have an itchy skin condition plus three or more of the following: history of flexural involvement, a history of asthma/hay fever, a history of a generalized dry skin, onset of rash under the age of 2 years, or visible flexural dermatitis. When tested in an independent sample of 200 consecutive dermatology outpatients of all ages, this arrangement of the diagnostic criteria achieved 69% sensitivity and 96% specificity when validated against physician's diagnosis. Based on the findings of this first exercise, minor modifications in the wording of the criteria were undertaken, and these were tested on a sample of 114 consecutive children attending out-patient paediatric dermatology clinics. Overall discrimination improved, with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 96%. The simplified criteria are easy to use, take under 2 min per patient to ascertain, and do not require subjects to undress. These two independent validation studies suggest that the newly proposed criteria for atopic dermatitis perform reasonably well in hospital out-patient patients. Further validation in community settings and in developing countries is needed.
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            Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age.

            Dennis R Ownby (2002)
            Childhood asthma is strongly associated with allergic sensitization. Studies have suggested that animal exposure during infancy reduces subsequent allergic sensitization. To evaluate the relationship between dog and cat exposure in the first year of life and allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. Prospective birth cohort study of healthy, full-term infants enrolled in a health maintenance organization in suburban Detroit, Mich, who were born between April 15, 1987, and August 31, 1989, and followed up yearly to a mean age of 6.7 years. Of 835 children initially in the study at birth, 474 (57%) completed follow-up evaluations at age 6 to 7 years. Atopy, defined as any skin prick test positivity to 6 common aeroallergens (dust mites [Dermatophagoides farinae, D pteronyssinus], dog, cat, short ragweed [Ambrosia artemisiifolia], and blue grass [Poa pratensis]); seroatopy, defined as any positive allergen-specific IgE test result for the same 6 allergens or for Alternaria species. The prevalence of any skin prick test positivity (atopy) at age 6 to 7 years was 33.6% with no dog or cat exposure in the first year of life, 34.3% with exposure to 1 dog or cat, and 15.4% with exposure to 2 or more dogs or cats (P =.005). The prevalence of any positive allergen-specific IgE test result (seroatopy) was 38.5% with no dog or cat exposure, 41.2% with exposure to 1 dog or cat, and 17.9% with exposure to 2 or more dogs or cats (P =.003). After adjustment for cord serum IgE concentration, sex, older siblings, parental smoking, parental asthma, bedroom dust mite allergen levels at 2 years, and current dog and cat ownership, exposure to 2 or more dogs or cats in the first year of life was associated with a significantly lower risk of atopy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.60) and seroatopy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.83). Exposure to 2 or more dogs or cats in the first year of life may reduce subsequent risk of allergic sensitization to multiple allergens during childhood.
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              What are the best outcome measurements for atopic eczema? A systematic review.

              Jochen Schmitt, Sinead Langan, Hywel Williams (2007)
              Valid and reliable outcome measurements are a prerequisite for evidence-based practice. The comparative validity and reliability of outcome measurements for assessing atopic eczema (AE) severity is unclear. We sought to assess the validity, reliability, sensitivity to change, and ease of use of outcome measurements for AE. We also sought to give recommendations on which outcomes to use in clinical research and for clinical monitoring. We performed a systematic review and survey of clinical experts and patients. Twenty published outcome measurements were identified. There is evidence of adequate construct validity for 3 measurements (Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis index [SCORAD], Eczema Area and Severity Index [EASI], and Three Item Severity Score), adequate internal consistency of 1 scale (Patient-oriented Eczema Measure [POEM]), adequate interobserver reliability of 5 measurements (Basic Clinical Scoring System; Nottingham Eczema Severity Score; Objective Severity Assessment of Atopic Dermatitis; Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis severity score; and SCORAD), adequate test-retest reliability of 1 scale (POEM), and adequate sensitivity to change of 3 measurements (EASI, SCORAD, and Investigators' Global Atopic Dermatitis Assessment). Most outcome measurements have adequate content validity, as assessed by patients and experts. Data on the time to perform the assessment was identified for 8 outcome measurements. Only SCORAD, EASI, and POEM have been tested sufficiently and performed adequately. There are too many published outcome measures for AE. Most have not been tested properly or perform adequately when tested, and their continued use hampers scientific communication. Only SCORAD, EASI, and POEM currently perform adequately. These scales should be used in future studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Pediatr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Pediatr
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Pediatr.
                Title: Frontiers in Pediatrics
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2296-2360
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 192
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [2] 2Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [3] 3MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [4] 4Clinical Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [5] 5Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [6] 6Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [7] 7Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Kristine G. Koski, McGill University, Canada

                Reviewed by: Prashanth G. P., Oman Medical College, Oman; Cihad Dundar, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey

                *Correspondence: Lisu Huang huanglisu@ 123456xinhuamed.com.cn

                This article was submitted to Children and Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00192
                PMC ID: 7193020
                SO-VID: 76c18bc3-c1b1-432c-abe7-21fedf3a051d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Li, Chen, Zhang, Li, Liu, Fei, Huang and Yao.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 10 November 2019
                Date accepted : 31 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 8, Words: 5606
                Categories
                Subject: Pediatrics
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: pet ownership,dog ownership,atopic dermatitis,allergic sensitization,birth cohort
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pet ownership, dog ownership, atopic dermatitis, allergic sensitization, birth cohort

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