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      Microalgal Cultivation in Secondary Effluent: Recent Developments and Future Work

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          Abstract

          Eutrophication of water catchments and the greenhouse effect are major challenges in developing the global economy in the near future. Secondary effluents, containing high amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, need further treatment before being discharged into receiving water bodies. At the same time, new environmentally friendly energy sources need to be developed. Integrating microalgal cultivation for the production of biodiesel feedstock with the treatment of secondary effluent is one way of addressing both issues. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest progress in microalgal cultivation in secondary effluent to remove pollutants and accumulate lipids. Researchers have discovered that microalgae remove nitrogen and phosphorus effectively from secondary effluent, accumulating biomass and lipids in the process. Immobilization of appropriate microalgae, and establishing a consortium of microalgae and/or bacteria, were both found to be feasible ways to enhance pollutant removal and lipid production. Demonstrations of pilot-scale microalgal cultures in secondary effluent have also taken place. However there is still much work to be done in improving pollutants removal, biomass production, and lipid accumulation in secondary effluent. This includes screening microalgae, constructing the consortium, making use of flue gas and nitrogen, developing technologies related to microalgal harvesting, and using lipid-extracted algal residues (LEA).

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          Nutrient recovery from wastewater streams by microalgae: Status and prospects

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            Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review

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              Effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp.

              Microalgae have high potential to remove inorganic nutrients from wastewater and to produce biodiesel. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1 were studied. Scenedesmus sp. LX1's growth was in accordance with the Monod model. The following Monod parameters were obtained: the N- and P-saturated maximum growth rate was 2.21 x 10(6) cells m L(-1)d(-1), and the half-saturation constants of N and P uptake were 12.1 mg L(-1) and 0.27 mg L(-1), respectively. In the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio of 5:1-12:1, 83-99% nitrogen and 99% phosphorus could be removed. In conditions of nitrogen (2.5 mg L(-1)) or phosphorus (0.1 mg L(-1)) limitation, Scenedesmus sp. LX1 could accumulate lipids to as high as 30% and 53%, respectively, of its algal biomass. The lipid productivity/unit volume of culture, however, was not enhanced. Further research should be made on how to enhance both lipid content and lipid productivity. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                01 January 2017
                January 2017
                : 18
                : 1
                : 79
                Affiliations
                School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; lvjunping024@ 123456sxu.edu.cn (J.L.); fengj@ 123456sxu.edu.cn (J.F.); liuqi@ 123456sxu.edu.cn (Q.L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: xiesl@ 123456sxu.edu.cn ; Tel./Fax: +86-351-701-8121
                Article
                ijms-18-00079
                10.3390/ijms18010079
                5297713
                28045437
                76e333d6-fce6-41c8-bad8-ab082bcefd1b
                © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 27 October 2016
                : 28 December 2016
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular biology
                microalgae,the treatment of secondary effluent,pollutants removal,biomass production,lipid accumulation

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