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      Vasoespasmo en microcirugía: revisión de la literatura y recomendaciones para su manejo Translated title: Vasospasm in microsurgery: literature review and clinical recommendations

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. Los colgajos libres microquirúrgicos se han convertido en una herramienta indispensable en Cirugía Reconstructiva. El vasoespasmo es una entidad que puede producir fallo del colgajo. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las distintas medidas terapéuticas para la prevención y tratamiento del vasoespasmo y proponer un algoritmo de manejo para esta complicación. Material y método. Revisión bibliográfica de estudios de diseño experimental o cuasi experimental que evalúen el efecto de distintas intervenciones para la prevención y el tratamiento del vasoespasmo. Resultados. Incluimos 31 estudios experimentales, de los cuales 5 analizan intervenciones no farmacológicas y 26 intervenciones farmacológicas. Todos los estudios experimentales fueron realizados en modelos animales. Dentro de las intervenciones no farmacológicas estudiadas, la adventicetomía y el adecuado control de la hemostasia mostraron ser medidas efectivas para la prevención del vasoespasmo. Dentro de las intervenciones farmacológicas tópicas, la lidocaína, la papaverina, el sulfato de magnesio al 10% y el verapamilo demostraron consistentemente su efectividad en la prevención y tratamiento del vasoespasmo. Dentro de las intervenciones farmacológicas sistémicas, la pentoxifilina y la prostaglandina E1 fueron las más efectivas para el manejo del vasoespasmo. Otros fármacos mostraron evidencia controvertida: nifedipino, nicardipino y prostaglandina E1 (todos de aplicación tópica); nicardipino, nifedipino y verapamilo (todos de aplicación sistémica). Conclusiones. La evidencia actual respecto a la efectividad de medidas orientadas al manejo del vasoespasmo en microcirugía se basan principalmente en estudios animales. El algoritmo de manejo del vasoespasmo que presentamos se sustenta en la experiencia clínica acumulada y la mejor evidencia actualmente disponible. Disponer de esta estrategia terapéutica permite estandarizar el manejo en la práctica clínica para una rápida toma de decisiones. Nivel de evidencia científica 5c Terapéutico

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. Microsurgical free flaps have become an indispensable tool in Reconstructive Surgery. Vasospasm is an entity that can cause flap failure. Our objective is to evaluate the different therapies for vasospasm prevention and treatment and to propose a management algorithm for this complication. Methods. Bibliographic review of studies of experimental or quasi-experimental design that assesed the effect of interventions for the prevention and treatment of vasospasm. Results. Thirty one experimental studies were included, of which 5 analyzed non-pharmacological interventions and 26 pharmacological interventions. All experimental studies were performed in animal models. Among the non-pharmacological interventions studied, adventicetomy and adequate control of hemostasis proved to be effective measures for the prevention of vasospasm. Within topical pharmacological interventions, lidocaine, papaverine, 10% magnesium sulfate, and verapamil consistently demonstrated their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of vasospasm. Within the systemic pharmacological interventions, pentoxifylline and prostaglandin E1 were the most effective interventions for the management of vasospasm. Other drugs showed controversial evidence: nifedipine, nicardipine and prostaglandin E1 (topicallys); nicardipine, nifedipine and verapamil (systemics). Conclusions. The current evidence regarding the effectiveness of measu-res aimed at managing vasospasm in microsurgery is based mainly on animal studies. The vasospasm management algorithm presented is based on accumulated clinical experience and the best currently available evidence. Having this therapeutic strategy makes it possible to standardize management in clinical practice for rapid decision-making. Level of evidence 5c Therapeutic

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          Most cited references40

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          Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial.

          Magnesium reverses cerebral vasospasm and reduces infarct volume after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. We aimed to assess whether magnesium reduces the frequency of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in patients with aneurysmal SAH. Patients were randomized within 4 days after SAH. Magnesium sulfate therapy consisted of a continuous intravenous dose of 64 mmol/L per day, to be started within 4 days after SAH and continued until 14 days after occlusion of the aneurysm. The primary outcome DCI (defined as the occurrence of a new hypodense lesion on computed tomography compatible with clinical features of DCI) was analyzed according to the "on-treatment" principle. For the secondary outcome measures "poor outcome" (Rankin >3) and "excellent outcome" (Rankin 0), we used the "intention-to-treat" principle. A total of 283 patients were randomized. Magnesium treatment reduced the risk of DCI by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.38 to 1.14). After 3 months, the risk reduction for poor outcome was 23% (risk ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.09). At that time, 18 patients in the treatment group and 6 in the placebo group had an excellent outcome (risk ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 8.9). This study suggests that magnesium reduces DCI and subsequent poor outcome, but the results are not yet definitive. A next step should be a phase III trial to confirm the beneficial effect of magnesium therapy, with poor outcome as primary outcome.
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            Magnesium sulfate for the treatment of eclampsia: a brief review.

            Magnesium sulfate is used extensively for prevention of eclamptic seizures. Empirical and clinical evidence supports the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate; however, questions remain as to its safety and mechanism. This review summarizes current evidence supporting the possible mechanisms of action and several controversies for magnesium sulfate treatment. Several mechanisms are presented, including the effects of magnesium sulfate on peripheral and cerebral vasodilation, blood-brain barrier protection, and as an anticonvulsant. Though the specific mechanisms of action remain unclear, the effect of magnesium sulfate in the prevention of eclampsia is likely multi-factorial. Magnesium sulfate may act as a vasodilator, with actions in the peripheral vasculature or the cerebrovasculature, to decrease peripheral vascular resistance or relieve vasoconstriction. Additionally, magnesium sulfate may also protect the blood-brain barrier and limit cerebral edema formation, or it may act through a central anticonvulsant action.
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              Smoking and plastic surgery, part II. Clinical implications: A systematic review with meta-analysis

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                September 2023
                : 49
                : 3
                : 273-286
                Affiliations
                [2] Santiago Santiago orgnameHospital San Juan de Dios orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Chile
                [3] Talcahuano Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Chile
                [1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [4] Santiago orgnameHospital del Trabajador orgdiv1Departamento de Cirugía Plástica y Quemados Chile
                Article
                S0376-78922023000300010 S0376-7892(23)04900300010
                10.4321/s0376-78922023000300010
                770afce7-639f-4c81-b27a-db99711766df

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 July 2023
                : 26 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Reconstructiva

                Vasodilator agents,Artery vasospasm,Microsurgery,Agentes vasodilatadores,Vasoespasmo arterial,Microcirugía

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