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      Emergence patterns of univoltine and bivoltine Ips typographus (L.) populations and associated natural enemies : Emergence of Ips typographus and natural enemies

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      Journal of Applied Entomology
      Wiley

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          Impact of extreme temperatures on parasitoids in a climate change perspective.

          Parasitoids depend on a series of adaptations to the ecology and physiology of their hosts and host plants for survival and are thus likely highly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions. We analyze the effects of global warming and extreme temperatures on the life-history traits of parasitoids and interactions with their hosts. Adaptations of parasitoids to low temperatures are similar to those of most ectotherms, but these adaptations are constrained by the responses of their hosts. Life-history traits are affected by cold exposure, and extreme temperatures can reduce endosymbiont populations inside a parasitoid, eventually eliminating populations of endosymbionts that are susceptible to high temperatures. In several cases, divergences between the thermal preferences of the host and those of the parasitoid lead to a disruption of the temporal or geographical synchronization, increasing the risk of host outbreaks. A careful analysis on how host-parasitoid systems react to changes in temperature is needed so that researchers may predict and manage the consequences of global change at the ecosystem level.
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            Ghost Forests, Global Warming, and the Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

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              Climatic unpredictability and parasitism of caterpillars: implications of global warming.

              Insect outbreaks are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with projected changes in global climate through direct effects of climate change on insect populations and through disruption of community interactions. Although there is much concern about mean changes in global climate, the impact of climatic variability itself on species interactions has been little explored. Here, we compare caterpillar-parasitoid interactions across a broad gradient of climatic variability and find that the combined data in 15 geographically dispersed databases show a decrease in levels of parasitism as climatic variability increases. The dominant contribution to this pattern by relatively specialized parasitoid wasps suggests that climatic variability impairs the ability of parasitoids to track host populations. Given the important role of parasitoids in regulating insect herbivore populations in natural and managed systems, we predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of herbivore outbreaks through a disruption of enemy-herbivore dynamics as climates become more variable.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Applied Entomology
                Wiley
                09312048
                April 2012
                April 2012
                April 11 2011
                : 136
                : 3
                : 212-224
                Article
                10.1111/j.1439-0418.2011.01629.x
                772a159e-0bd7-4c1e-b501-86802167db14
                © 2011

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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