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      Autonomic function and its relationship with central obesity and hemodynamic variables in obese and overweight adults Translated title: Función autonómica y su relación con la obesidad central y las variables hemodinámicas en adultos obesos y con sobrepeso

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: central obesity is associated with an autonomic dysfunction characterized by an increase in sympathetic activity and a reduction in vagal tone, leading to a decrease in heart rate variability. Objective: we aimed to analyze the relationship between the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability with central obesity, and its hemodynamic variables in normal-weight, overweight and obese adults. Methods: a total of 65 adults were evaluated (25.4 ± 3.2 years old) and distributed in 3 groups: normal weight group (NW group), overweight group (OW group) and obese group (OB group). Heart rate variability parameters at rest and both anthropometric and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Results: the results showed a positive correlation between waist circunference and LF/HF ratio in the OW (p = 0.0008; r = 0.6607; r2 = 0.4365) and OB (p = 0.0001; r = 0.8286; r2 = 0.6866) groups. The waist-to-height ratio showed significant differences with HF in the NW, OW, and OB groups. The variables related to the parasympathetic system (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, HF) in the OB and OW groups showed a decrease in values when compared to the NW group. Likewise, the variable related to the sympathetic system (LF) in the OB and OW groups increased its values when compared with the NW group. The LF/HF ratio increased from the NW group to the OW and OB groups (1.6 ± 0.7; 2.5 ± 1.8 and 3.3 ± 0.7). Conclusion: overweight and obese adults present a modulation of sympathetic activity predominance at rest. This increased activity is represented by the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability, having an important correlation with waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la obesidad central se asocia con una disfunción autonómica caracterizada por una mayor actividad simpática y reducción del tono vagal, conduciendo a una disminución de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC). Objetivo: analizar la relación entre los dominios de tiempo y frecuencia de la VFC con la obesidad central y sus variables hemodinámicas en adultos con peso normal, sobrepeso y obesidad. Metodología: participaron 65 adultos (25,4 ± 3,2 años) distribuidos en 3 grupos: peso normal (grupo NW), sobrepeso (grupo OW) y obesidad (grupo OB). Se registraron los parámetros de la VFC y las variables antropométricas y hemodinámicas. Resultados: se observó una correlación positiva entre la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación LF/HF en el grupo OW (p = 0,0008; r = 0,6607; r2 = 0,4365) y OB (p = 0,0001; r = 0,8286; r2 = 0,6866). La relacion cintura/altura mostró una diferencia significativa con la HF en los grupos NW, OW y OB. La actividad parasimpática (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, HF) de los grupos OB y OW evidenció una disminución de los valores en comparación con el grupo NW. La actividad simpática (LF) en el grupo OB y OW presentó mayores valores que en el grupo NW. La relación LF/HF aumentó del grupo NW hacia el OW y el OB (1,6 ± 0,7; 2,5 ± 1,8 y 3,3 ± 0,7). Conclusiones: el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan una predominancia de la actividad simpática en reposo. Este aumento de la actividad está representado en el dominio de tiempo y frecuencia de la VFC y, además, presenta una correlación importante con la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación cintura/altura.

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          Most cited references33

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          An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms

          Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos. Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats called interbeat intervals (IBIs). A healthy heart is not a metronome. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (~5 min), and ultra-short-term (<5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear metrics. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from ~2 min to 24 h. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Non-linear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. They stress the importance of measurement context, including recording period length, subject age, and sex, on baseline HRV values. They caution that 24 h, short-term, and ultra-short-term normative values are not interchangeable. They encourage professionals to supplement published norms with findings from their own specialized populations. Finally, the authors provide an overview of HRV assessment strategies for clinical and optimal performance interventions.
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            The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

            Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The understanding of the risk factors for CVD may yield important insights into the prevention, etiology, course, and treatment of this major public health concern. Autonomic imbalance, characterized by a hyperactive sympathetic system and a hypoactive parasympathetic system, is associated with various pathological conditions. Over time, excessive energy demands on the system can lead to premature aging and diseases. Therefore, autonomic imbalance may be a final common pathway to increased morbidity and mortality from a host of conditions and diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Heart rate variability (HRV) may be used to assess autonomic imbalances, diseases and mortality. Parasympathetic activity and HRV have been associated with a wide range of conditions including CVD. Here we review the evidence linking HRV to established and emerging modifiable and non-modifiable CVD risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, family history and work stress. Substantial evidence exists to support the notion that decreased HRV precedes the development of a number of risk factors and that lowering risk profiles is associated with increased HRV. We close with a suggestion that a model of autonomic imbalance may provide a unifying framework within which to investigate the impact of risk factors, including psychosocial factors and work stress, on cardiovascular disease. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.

              Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Under normal conditions, skeletal muscle is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal; thus, dysregulation of skeletal muscle metabolism can strongly influence whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation occurs in skeletal muscle in obesity and is mainly manifested by increased immune cell infiltration and proinflammatory activation in intermyocellular and perimuscular adipose tissue. By secreting proinflammatory molecules, immune cells may induce myocyte inflammation, adversely regulate myocyte metabolism, and contribute to insulin resistance via paracrine effects. Increased influx of fatty acids and inflammatory molecules from other tissues, particularly visceral adipose tissue, can also induce muscle inflammation and negatively regulate myocyte metabolism, leading to insulin resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                April 2022
                : 39
                : 2
                : 320-328
                Affiliations
                [4] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación orgdiv1Facultad de Artes y Educación Física orgdiv2Department of Physical Education Chile
                [1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad Santo Tomás orgdiv1Escuela de Kinesiología orgdiv2Exercise Physiology Laboratory Chile
                [2] Seville Andalucía orgnameUniversidad Pablo de Olavide orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte Spain
                [3] Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora orgdiv1Department of Physical Education orgdiv2Laboratory of Physiological and Motor Analysis in Health and Performance Brazil
                [5] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112022000200011 S0212-1611(22)03900200011
                10.20960/nh.03808
                77710ba9-867d-4319-af38-f1098489e29c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 July 2021
                : 10 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Sistema nervioso autónomo,Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca,Obesidad central,Variables hemodinámicas,Circunferencia de la cintura,Autonomic nervous system,Heart rate variability,Central obesity,Hemodynamic variables,Waist circumference

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