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      Analyzing Drivers’ Distractions due to Smartphone Usage: Evidence from AutoLog Dataset

      1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 4
      Mobile Information Systems
      Hindawi Limited

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          Abstract

          The usage of a smartphone while driving has been declared a global portent and has been admitted as a leading cause of crashes and accidents. Numerous solutions, such as Android Auto and CarPlay, are used to facilitate for the drivers by minimizing driver distractions. However, these solutions restrict smartphone usage, which is impractical in real driving scenarios. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the available solutions to identify issues in smartphone activities. We have used empirical evaluation and dataset-based evaluation to investigate the issues in the existing smartphone user interfaces. The results show that using smartphones while driving can disrupt normal driving and may lead to change the steering wheel abruptly, focus off the road, and increases cognitive load, which could collectively result in a devastating situation. To justify the arguments, we have conducted an empirical study by collecting data using maxed mode survey, i.e., questionnaires and interviews from 98 drivers. The results show that existing smartphone-based solutions are least suitable due to numerous issues (e.g., complex and rich interfaces, redundant and time-consuming activities, requiring much visual and mental attention, and contextual constraints), making their effectiveness less viable for the drivers. Based on findings obtained from Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) models, it is recommended that the interactions between the drivers and smartphone could be minimized by developing context-aware adaptive user interfaces to overcome the chances of accidents.

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          Most cited references29

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          A meta-analysis of the effects of texting on driving.

          Text messaging while driving is considered dangerous and known to produce injuries and fatalities. However, the effects of text messaging on driving performance have not been synthesized or summarily estimated. All available experimental studies that measured the effects of text messaging on driving were identified through database searches using variants of "driving" and "texting" without restriction on year of publication through March 2014. Of the 1476 abstracts reviewed, 82 met general inclusion criteria. Of these, 28 studies were found to sufficiently compare reading or typing text messages while driving with a control or baseline condition. Independent variables (text-messaging tasks) were coded as typing, reading, or a combination of both. Dependent variables included eye movements, stimulus detection, reaction time, collisions, lane positioning, speed and headway. Statistics were extracted from studies to compute effect sizes (rc). A total sample of 977 participants from 28 experimental studies yielded 234 effect size estimates of the relationships among independent and dependent variables. Typing and reading text messages while driving adversely affected eye movements, stimulus detection, reaction time, collisions, lane positioning, speed and headway. Typing text messages alone produced similar decrements as typing and reading, whereas reading alone had smaller decrements over fewer dependent variables. Typing and reading text messages affects drivers' capability to adequately direct attention to the roadway, respond to important traffic events, control a vehicle within a lane and maintain speed and headway. This meta-analysis provides convergent evidence that texting compromises the safety of the driver, passengers and other road users. Combined efforts, including legislation, enforcement, blocking technologies, parent modeling, social media, social norms and education, will be required to prevent continued deaths and injuries from texting and driving.
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            The effects of text messaging on young drivers.

            This study investigated the effects of using a cell phone to retrieve and send text messages on the driving performance of young novice drivers. Young drivers are particularly susceptible to driver distraction and have an increased risk of distraction-related crashes. Distractions from in-vehicle devices, particularly, those that require manual input, are known to cause decrements in driving performance. Twenty young novice drivers used a cell phone to retrieve and send text messages while driving a simulator. The amount of time that drivers spent not looking at the road when text messaging was up to approximately 400% greater than that recorded in baseline (notext-messaging) conditions. Furthermore, drivers' variability in lane position increased up to approximately 50%, and missed lane changes increased 140%. There was also an increase of up to approximately 150% in drivers' variability in following distances to lead vehicles. Previous research has shown that the risk of crashing while dialing a handheld device, such as when text messaging and driving, is more than double that of conversing on a cell phone. The present study has identified the detrimental effects of text messaging on driving performance that may underlie such increased crash risk. More effective road safety measures are needed to prevent and mitigate the adverse effects on driving performance of using cell phones to retrieve and send text messages.
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              Trends in fatalities from distracted driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008.

              We examined trends in distracted driving fatalities and their relation to cell phone use and texting volume. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) records data on all road fatalities that occurred on public roads in the United States from 1999 to 2008. We studied trends in distracted driving fatalities, driver and crash characteristics, and trends in cell phone use and texting volume. We used multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relation between state-level distracted driving fatalities and texting volumes. After declining from 1999 to 2005, fatalities from distracted driving increased 28% after 2005, rising from 4572 fatalities to 5870 in 2008. Crashes increasingly involved male drivers driving alone in collisions with roadside obstructions in urban areas. By use of multivariate analyses, we predicted that increasing texting volumes resulted in more than 16,000 additional road fatalities from 2001 to 2007. Distracted driving is a growing public safety hazard. Specifically, the dramatic rise in texting volume since 2005 appeared to be contributing to an alarming rise in distracted driving fatalities. Legislation enacting texting bans should be paired with effective enforcement to deter drivers from using cell phones while driving.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Mobile Information Systems
                Mobile Information Systems
                Hindawi Limited
                1875-905X
                1574-017X
                September 3 2021
                September 3 2021
                : 2021
                : 1-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Computer Science, University of Buner, Buner 19290, Pakistan
                [2 ]Department of Computer Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
                [3 ]Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Eco Boulevard, Witch Hazel Ave, Centurion 0157, South Africa
                [4 ]Department of Software, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
                Article
                10.1155/2021/5802658
                77731ac5-1117-4fe3-afef-691e50239993
                © 2021

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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