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      Introduction of the Exocelina ekari-group with descriptions of 22 new species from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Copelatinae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The Exocelina ekari -group is here introduced and defined mainly on the basis of a discontinuous outline of the median lobe of the aedeagus. The group is known only from New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea). It contained four species to date: Exocelina astrophallus (Balke, 1998), Exocelina atowaso (Shaverdo, Sagata & Balke, 2005), Exocelina munaso (Shaverdo, Sagata & Balke, 2005), and Exocelina polita (Sharp, 1882). Twenty two new species are described herein: Exocelina alexanderi sp. n., Exocelina anggiensis sp. n., Exocelina arfakensis sp. n., Exocelina bifida sp. n., Exocelina brahminensis sp. n., Exocelina bundiensis sp. n., Exocelina edeltraudae sp. n., Exocelina ekari sp. n., Exocelina eme sp. n., Exocelina evelyncheesmanae sp. n., Exocelina hansferyi sp. n., Exocelina irianensis sp. n., Exocelina kakapupu sp. n., Exocelina knoepfchen sp. n., Exocelina oceai sp. n., Exocelina pseudosoppi sp. n., Exocelina soppi sp. n., Exocelina unipo sp. n., Exocelina utowaensis sp. n., Exocelina waigeoensis sp. n., Exocelina weylandensis sp. n., and Exocelina wondiwoiensis sp. n. The lectotype of Copelatus politus Sharp, 1882 is designated. A checklist and identification key to all species of the group are provided and important diagnostic characters (habitus, color, male antennae and protarsomeres 4–5, median lobes and parameres) are illustrated. Data on the distribution and habitat requirements are given. Representatives of the Exocelina ekari -group are so far mostly known from lowland to lower montane habitats of the northern and central parts of New Guinea, the group is less diverse in higher altitudes.

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          MtDNA phylogeny and biogeography of Copelatinae, a highly diverse group of tropical diving beetles (Dytiscidae).

          Copelatinae is a diverse lineage of diving beetles (Dytiscidae) frequently encountered in wet tropical and subtropical forests, but phylogenetic relationships are very poorly understood. We performed a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of this worldwide distributed group based on 50 species including a representative sample of major taxonomic groups and biogeographical regions. DNA sequences were obtained for the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b, and 16S rRNA, for a total of 1575 aligned nucleotide positions. We found Copelatinae to be monophyletic, placed in a derived position and not sister to all remaining dytiscids, as had been suggested by earlier authors. The largest genus, Copelatus with some 460 known species was paraphyletic with respect to the smaller genera Lacconectus and Aglymbus. Among the major lineages of Copelatus, the subgenus Papuadytes was consistently recovered as sister to all other species (including Lacconectus and Aglymbus) with the possible exception of two western Palearctic taxa. We propose that the subgenus Papuadytes is removed from Copelatus and assigned generic status. Likewise, the two western Palearctic Copelatus are removed from this genus, and assigned the available genus name Liopterus. Our best phylogenetic hypothesis retrieved Afrotropical and New Guinean plus Australian species of Copelatus as monophyletic. Asian species were paraphyletic with respect to a species from Sulawesi which grouped with the species from New Guinea. Asian species were also paraphyletic with respect to Oriental Lacconectus, which was grouped with a clade of Neotropical species. Neotropical Copelatus form at least two separate lineages. The biogeographical evolution of Papuadytes is consistent with the relative age of the landmasses in the Austral region. Basal species are Australian, and successively derived ones are from New Caledonia and New Guinea. One species apparently dispersed from New Caledonia to China. Assuming a molecular clock and using a standard calibration of 2% divergence/MY the origin of Copelatinae is estimated to be between 85 and 95 MY.
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            Infrequent and unidirectional colonization of hyperdiverse Papuadytes diving beetles in New Caledonia and New Guinea.

            We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 2808 aligned bp of rrnL, cox1, cob, H3 and 18S rRNA of all major morphological groups of Papuadytes diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) which are diverse in running water habitats throughout the Australian region. We focus on the origin of the fauna of the megadiverse islands of New Guinea and New Caledonia. Parsimony as well as Bayesian analyses suggest a basal position of Australian species in a paraphyletic series, with more recent nested radiations in New Caledonia and New Guinea. According to molecular clock analyses, both landmasses were colonized during the Miocene, which matches geological data and corroborates similar findings in other taxonomic groups. Our analyses suggest that dispersal played an important role in the formation of these large insular faunas, although successful colonization appears to be a rare event, and, in this case, is unidirectional. Whether or not a lineage is present on an island is due to chance: Papuadytes are absent from Fiji, where related Copelatus have radiated extensively in the same habitats occupied by Papuadytes in New Caledonia and New Guinea, while Copelatus are absent from New Caledonia. Lineages of Papuadytes apparently colonized New Caledonia twice, around 14 and 9 MYA according to the molecular calibration, and both lineages are derived from an Australian ancestor. The older clade is represented only by two apparently relictual mountain species (one morphologically strongly adapted to highly ephemeral habitats), while the younger clade contains at least 18 species exhibiting a great morphological diversity. The 150+ species in New Guinea are monophyletic, apparently derived from an Australian ancestor, and constitute a morphologically rather homogenous group. The tree backbone remains insufficiently supported under parsimony and Bayesian analyses, where shorter branches suggest a rapid sequence of major branching events.
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              Five new species of the genusPapuadytesBalke, 1998 from New Guinea (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:262CB5BD-F998-4D4B-A4F4-BFA04806A42E
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:0D87BE16-CB33-4372-8939-A0EFDCAA3FD3
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:06907F16-4F27-44BA-953F-513457C85DBF
                URI : urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:945480F8-C4E7-41F4-A637-7F43CCF84D40
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2012
                13 December 2012
                : 250
                : 1-76
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]Department of Biology, Universitas Cendrawasih, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
                [3 ]Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstraße 21, D-81247 Munich, Germany
                [4 ]Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstraße 21, D-81247 Munich, Germany and GeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Helena V. Shaverdo ( shaverdomail.ru, helena.shaverdo@ 123456nhm-wien.ac.at )

                Academic editor: M. Fikácek

                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.250.3715
                3558971
                23378803
                777a8648-2625-49f5-b06b-028fe1114d2e
                Helena V. Shaverdo, Suriani Surbakti, Lars Hendrich, Michael Balke

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 August 2012
                : 8 November 2012
                Categories
                Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                exocelina ekari-group,copelatinae,dytiscidae,new species,lectotype designation,new guinea

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