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      Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española (EsNuPI): actualización de hallazgos y primeras conclusiones Translated title: Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI): updated findings and initial conclusions

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: los hábitos de alimentación y los estilos de vida durante las primeras etapas de la infancia son importantes por su asociación a enfermedades crónicas durante la vida adulta. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de energía, el aporte de nutrientes, las principales fuentes alimentarias y los patrones dietéticos de los participantes en el estudio EsNuPI. Métodos: se utilizaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, dos recuerdos de 24 h y un cuestionario de actividad física en dos cohortes de niños españoles de 1 a < 10 años, no veganos, residentes en municipios > 50.000 habitantes: una representativa de los consumidores de todo tipo de leches (SRS = 707) y otra consumidora de leches adaptadas (AMS = 741). Resultados: el 84,7 % de la cohorte SRS y el 83,5 % de la AMS mostraron una ingesta energética (IE) plausible y adecuada (1503 y 1404 kcal/día, respectivamente) en ambas cohortes. El porcentaje de niños con ingesta proteica > 20 % de la IE fue del 12 % en la SRS y el 6 % en la AMS. Ambas cohortes sobrepasaron las recomendaciones de grasa total (36,5 % en la SRS; 35,9 % en la AMS) y de grasas saturadas (13,1 % vs. 12,1 %, respectivamente); la ingesta de DHA fue significativamente menor en la SRS (20 mg/d vs. 90 mg/d). La ingesta de vitamina D fue significativamente menor en la SRS, aunque ambas cohortes no alcanzaron las recomendaciones de los organismos internacionales. Al analizar los patrones alimentarios, destacan uno de alimentos apetitosos e hipercalóricos y dos de tipo mediterráneo. Conclusiones: es recomendable reducir la ingesta de grasas saturadas y proteínas, e incrementar la de calcio, vitamina D y magnesio, esto último especialmente en los niños > 4 años. Estos hallazgos son importantes para el diseño de intervenciones en la población infantil española.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: eating habits and lifestyles during early childhood are important due to their association with chronic diseases in adulthood. Objectives: to evaluate energy and nutrient intake, main food sources, and dietary patterns in the EsNuPI study participants. Methods: a sociodemographic questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, two 24 h recalls, and a physical activity questionnaire were used in two cohorts of Spanish children aged 1 to < 10 years, who were non-vegans living in municipalities > 50,000 inhabitants - one representative cohort of consumers of all types of milks (SRS = 707) and one other cohort consuming adapted milks (AMS = 741). Results: 84.7 % in SRS and 83.5 % in AMS showed a plausible, adequate energy (EI) (1503 and 1404 kcal/day, respectively). The percentage of children with protein intake > 20 % of EI was 12 % for SRS, and 6 % for AMS. Both cohorts exceeded the recommendations for total fat (36.5 % in SRS, 35.9 % in AMS) and saturated fat (13.1 % vs 12.1 %, respectively); DHA intake was significantly lower in SRS (20 mg vs 90 mg). Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in SRS, although both cohorts did not meet the recommendation. When analyzing dietary patterns, one of palatable energy-dense foods and two of Mediterranean type were highlighted. Conclusions: it is recommended that consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein be reduced, but calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium intakes should be increased, especially in children > 4 years. These findings are important for designing interventions in the Spanish child population. The findings of the EsNuPI study provide useful information for the design and promotion of appropriate interventions for Spanish children.

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          Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

          Summary Background Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity. Methods By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction) among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome. Findings In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 10–12) deaths and 255 million (234–274) DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5] deaths and 70 million [34–118] DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4] deaths and 82 million [59–109] DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4] deaths and 65 million [41–92] DALYs) were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates. Interpretation This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            Young Child Formula: A Position Paper by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition

            Young child formulae (YCF) are milk-based drinks or plant protein-based formulae intended to partially satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children ages 1 to 3 years. Although widely available on the market, their composition is, however, not strictly regulated and health effects have not been systematically studied. Therefore, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition (CoN) performed a systematic review of the literature to review the composition of YCF and consider their role in the diet of young children. The review revealed limited data but identified that YCF have a highly variable composition, which is in some cases inappropriate with very high protein and carbohydrate content and even high amounts of added sugars. Based on the evidence, ESPGHAN CoN suggests that the nutrient composition of YCF should be similar to that of follow-on formulae with regards to energy and nutrients that may be deficient in the diets of European young children such as iron, vitamin D, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), whereas the protein content should aim toward the lower end of the permitted range of follow-on formulae if animal protein is used. There are data to show that YCF increase intakes of vitamin D, iron, and n-3 PUFAs. However, these nutrients can also be provided via regular and/or fortified foods or supplements. Therefore, ESPGHAN CoN suggests that based on available evidence there is no necessity for the routine use of YCF in children from 1 to 3 years of life, but they can be used as part of a strategy to increase the intake of iron, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA and decrease the intake of protein compared with unfortified cow's milk. Follow-on formulae can be used for the same purpose. Other strategies for optimizing nutritional intake include promotion of a healthy varied diet, use of fortified foods, and use of supplements.
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              Association of Dietary Variety and Diversity With Body Mass Index in US Preschool Children.

              Dietary variety and diversity are recommended in dietary guidelines, but their association with BMI in US preschool-aged children is unknown. This study examined predictors of dietary variety and diversity and their association with child BMI z score (BMIz).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2021
                : 38
                : spe2
                : 23-26
                Affiliations
                [5] Madrid orgnameInstituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) orgdiv1CiberOBN (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038) España
                [3] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II Spain
                [2] Granada orgnameFundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT) España
                [1] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencias de los Alimentos Spain
                [4] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Centro de Investigación Biomédica orgdiv2Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos “José Mataix” Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112021000500006 S0212-1611(21)03800200006
                10.20960/nh.3792
                778039ad-2228-4117-9323-21f5537a728c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Spain

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                Pediatría,Food sources,Macronutrients,Dairy products,Pediatrics,EsNuPI study,Fuentes alimentarias,Macronutrientes,Productos lácteos,Estudio EsNuPI

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