Lack of Neuroprotective Effect of Celastrol Under Conditions of Proteasome Inhibition by Lactacystin in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

A number of studies suggest that the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) impairment may underlie neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease. Celastrol is a neuroprotective agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine whether celastrol may exert neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo under conditions of the lactacystin-induced UPS inhibition. In the in vitro study, mouse primary cortical neurons and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with lactacystin for 48 h (2.5 and 10 μg/ml, respectively). The animal study was performed on male Wistar rats injected unilaterally with lactacystin (5 μg/2 μl) into the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. In the in vitro study, we did not found any protective effects of celastrol, given either in the pre- or co-treatment mode. Moreover, in the higher concentrations, celastrol itself reduced cell viability, and enhanced the lactacystin-induced cell death in both types of cells. In the in vivo study, none of the celastrol doses (0.3–3 mg/kg) attenuated the lactacystin-induced decrease in the level of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites or protected nigral dopaminergic neurons against the lactacystin-induced degeneration. The highest celastrol dose potentiated the lactacystin-induced decrease in the level of DA and its metabolites in the lesioned striatum, and accelerated the lactacystin-induced increase in the oxidative and total metabolism of DA. Moreover, when given alone, this dose of celastrol bilaterally decreased the number and/or density of dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Our results demonstrate that celastrol does not induce neuroprotective effects under conditions of UPS inhibition.