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      Is There Still Bullying in Medicine at All Levels – Undergraduate and Postgraduate? [Response to Letter]

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          Abstract

          Dear editor We thank Sharma and her co-authors for their very insightful comments on our perspective on bullying in Medicine.1,2 We completely agree with them that bullying has been an issue at all stages in the medical career pathway, including at an undergraduate level.1 We agree also that to be fully comprehensive, discussion of the medical student experience should have been included, but our article went through several journals before it was accepted and the advice consistently given was to concentrate on the specific experience of our “reportee”.2 To this end, we did not specifically cover the medical student experience, because our report was written as a “personal perspective” of direct conversations that were had with a senior medical academic, who chose to share his experiences only as a qualified doctor and who did not talk about his experiences as a medical student.2 However, in our article, we did reference two studies from 2015 and 2020 which clearly demonstrate that bullying is something experienced very widely at the undergraduate level by a large proportion of medical students, as Sharma and co-authors have otherwise noted.3,4 We note and welcome the safeguarding changes made to the undergraduate experience in many countries highlighted by Sharma and her co-authors, in the creation of both personal and pastoral tutors to provide pathways to channel concerns and difficulties on all aspects of medical student welfare, including bullying.5 We maintain that bullying of whatever form should have no place in the Medical Profession and agree with Sharma and her co-authors that this must also involve medical student education. There can be no room for teaching by humiliation.3 We apologise if there has been any misunderstanding, but with respect to institutionalised bullying, we did not intend to be critical of centralised monitoring systems, such as Athena SWAN in the United Kingdom, which are designed to reward academic and medical institutions for positive steps to introduce equality and mitigate bullying.6 However, there is heavy emphasis on the reports generated by the institutions themselves, which in our opinion may be written to show them off in the best light. We were merely suggesting that allowing a greater emphasis on individual viewpoints (perhaps anonymised), may facilitate a channel for real life experience to be acknowledged and in so doing, bringing a 360 degree experience to the thought process on eliminating the problem from the profession. We hoped to open up a debate on the issue and are grateful to Sharma and her co-authors for their thoughtful comments.

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          ‘If you can’t make it, you’re not tough enough to do medicine’: a qualitative study of Sydney-based medical students’ experiences of bullying and harassment in clinical settings

          Background Media exposés and academic literature reveal high rates of bullying and harassment of medical students, most commonly by consultant physicians and/or surgeons. Recent reports reveal the medical profession to be characterised by hierarchy, with verbal abuse a ‘rite of passage’, as well as sexist and racist behaviours. Methods Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with ten current or recently graduated medical students from Sydney-based medical schools. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. Results Hierarchy, and a culture of self-sacrifice, resilience and deference, were identified as problematic elements of the medical profession. In the minds of participants, these factors created barriers to reporting mistreatment, as participants felt reporting led to being labelled a ‘troublemaker’, affecting career progression. Additionally, participants stated that avenues of recourse were unclear and did not guarantee confidentiality or desired outcomes. Conclusions Mistreatment is continuing in clinical teaching and has negative consequences on medical students’ mental health and learning. Structural change is needed to combat institutionalised mistreatment to ensure the wellbeing of future doctors and high quality patient care.
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            “Teaching by humiliation” and mistreatment of medical students in clinical rotations: a pilot study

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              Interventions addressing student bullying in the clinical workplace: a narrative review

              Background Student bullying in the clinical environment continues to have a substantial impact, despite numerous attempts to rectify the situation. However, there are significant gaps in the literature about interventions to help students, particularly a lack of specific guidance around which to formulate an intervention program likely to be effective. With this narrative review about student bullying interventions in the clinical learning environment, we examine and draw together the available, but patchy, information about ‘what works’ to inform better practice and further research. Methods We initially followed a PICO approach to obtain and analyse data from 38 articles from seven databases. We then used a general inductive approach to form themes about effective student bullying intervention practice, and potential unintended consequences of some of these, which we further developed into six final themes. Results The diverse literature presents difficulties in comparison of intervention efficacy and substantive guidance is sparse and inconsistently reported. The final analytical approach we employed was challenging but useful because it enabled us to reveal the more effective elements of bullying interventions, as well as information about what to avoid: an interventionist and institution need to, together, 1. understand bullying catalysts, 2. address staff needs, 3. have, but not rely on policy or reporting process about behaviour, 4. avoid targeting specific staff groups, but aim for saturation, 5. frame the intervention to encourage good behaviour, not target poor behaviour, and 6. possess specific knowledge and specialised teaching and facilitation skills. We present the themed evidence pragmatically to help practitioners and institutions design an effective program and avoid instigating practices which have now been found to be ineffective or deleterious. Conclusions Despite challenges with the complexity of the literature and in determining a useful approach for analysis and reporting, results are important and ideas about practice useful. These inform a way forward for further, more effective student bullying intervention and research: an active learning approach addressing staff needs, which is non-targeted and positively and skilfully administered. (331w). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12909-019-1578-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Adv Med Educ Pract
                Adv Med Educ Pract
                amep
                amep
                Advances in Medical Education and Practice
                Dove
                1179-7258
                29 March 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 303-304
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , London, UK
                [2 ]Department of Medicine, UAI Universidad Abierta Interamericana , Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [3 ]Dean Street Sexual Health Clinic , London, UK
                [4 ]Department of South East Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies , London, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Simon D Taylor-Robinson Email Str338333@gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-2885
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-3272
                Article
                311159
                10.2147/AMEP.S311159
                8020449
                77a75c83-3c88-45b7-9b07-d39dbf653b52
                © 2021 Taylor-Robinson et al.

                This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 15 March 2021
                : 15 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, References: 6, Pages: 2
                Categories
                Response to Letter

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