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      Prison suicide in 12 countries: an ecological study of 861 suicides during 2003–2007

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          Abstract

          Although suicide rates among prisoners are high and vary between countries, it is uncertain whether this reflects the importation of risk from the general population or is associated with incarceration rates.

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          Extreme cause-specific mortality in a cohort of adult prisoners--1988 to 2002: a data-linkage study.

          Geraldine Butler, M. Levy, Azar Kariminia … (2007)
          Describe the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and its trend in adults who have served time in prison. A retrospective cohort study of 85,203 adults imprisoned in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 2002. We obtained information on deaths by record linkage with the Australian National Death Index (NDI). Mortality rates were estimated using the person-time method. SMRs were calculated using sex, age, and calendar-specific death rates from the NSW population. Time trends in SMRs were assessed using the test for linear trends. The median overall follow-up of the cohort was 7.7 years. We identified 5137 deaths (4714 men, 423 women) among the cohort of which the vast majority (4834, 94%) occurred following release from custody. All-cause SMR was 3.7 (95% CI: 3.6-3.8) in men and 7.8 (95% CI: 7.1-8.5) in women. SMRs were substantially raised for deaths due to mental and behavioural disorders (men: 13.2, 95% CI: 12.3-14.0; women: 62.8, 95% CI: 52.7-74.9) and drug-related deaths (men: 12.8, 95% CI: 12.2-13.5; women: 50.3, 95% CI: 43.7-57.8). The SMR for death by homicide was 10.2 (95% CI: 8.9-11.7) in men and 26.3 (95% CI: 17.8-39.0) in women. Aboriginal men were 4.8 times, and Aboriginal women 12.6 times, more likely to die than the general NSW population. Over the study period on average all-cause SMR decreased significantly in men (p = 0.003) and women (p = 0.05) largely due to the decline in SMRs for drug-related deaths and suicide. In the largest study so far reported, mortality of male and female offenders was far greater than expected for all major causes, especially deaths caused by drug overdose. Despite some indication of a reduction in excess mortality in recent years, there remains an overwhelming need for enhanced responses to mental health and drug problems for people who have been in prison.
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            Suicide in Prisoners

            Arabella Norman-Nott, Keith Hawton, Seena Fazel … (2008)
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              Suicides in male prisoners in England and Wales, 1978-2003.

              Seena Fazel, R Benning, John Danesh (2005)
              The number of suicides in English and Welsh prisons is increasing, but the excess compared with the general population has not been reliably quantified. We therefore compared, in narrow age bands, all 1312 suicides of male prisoners in England and Wales between 1978 and 2003 with suicide rates in the general male population. The overall standardised mortality ratio for suicide was 5.1 (95% CI, 4.8-5.3), suggesting a five-fold excess of suicides in male prisoners, with a particularly striking excess in boys aged 15-17 years (standardised mortality ratio 18 [13-26]). The proportional excess of suicides of male prisoners has been increasing during the past quarter of a century, which underscores the need for substantial improvements in suicide prevention in prisons.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
                Abbreviated Title: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
                Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                ISSN (Print): 0933-7954
                ISSN (Electronic): 1433-9285
                Publication date Created: March 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): February 7 2010
                Publication date (Print): March 2011
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 191-195
                Article
                DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0184-4
                PubMed ID: 20140663
                SO-VID: 77d4f71b-eee9-4a6c-b713-2ffb67e2d277
                Copyright © © 2011
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                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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