AGEING
Concerns each and every one of us – whether young or old, male or female, rich or
poor – no matter where we live. Every year, World Health Day is celebrated on 7 April
to mark the anniversary of the founding of World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948
and each year a theme is selected for World Health Day that highlights a priority
area of concern for WHO. The topic in 2012 is Ageing and health with the theme “Good
health adds life to years”. The focus is, how good health throughout life can help
older men and women lead full and productive lives and be a resource for their families
and communities.[1]
World Health Organization promotes a healthy lifestyle across the life-course to save
lives, protect health and alleviate disability and pain in older age. Age-friendly
environments and early detection of disease, as well as, prevention and care improve
the wellbeing of older people. Population ageing will hamper the achievement of socioeconomic
and human development goals if action is not taken today.[2]
DEFINITION OF AGEING /AGING
Most developed world countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years as
a definition of ‘elderly’ or older person, but the United Nations agreed cutoff is
60+ years to refer to the older population.[3] And, also in 3 of four main encyclopedias
of Iranian Traditional Medicine [End notes]; Kamel-al-Sanaah,[4] Canon of Medicine,[5]
Zakhireye Khawrazmshahi,[6] which are written by Ahvazi, Avicenna and Jorjani respectively,
the mentioned cutoff is 60+ years.
Population ageing means the process by which older individuals become a proportionally
larger share of the total population. It was one of the most distinctive demographic
events of the 20th century and also will surely remain important throughout the 21st
century. Initially experienced by the more developed countries, the process has recently
become apparent in much of the developing world as well. For the near future, virtually
all countries will face population ageing, although at varying levels of intensity
and in different time frames.[7]
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYGIENE AND PREMATURE AGING, FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF RHAZES AND
AVICENNA
Although aging is an inevitable phenomenon, and it is impossible to escape, but it
can be delayed for a long time, with cleanliness, proper nutrition, adequate sleep
and welfare.[8] It should be noted that the hygiene is not the art, which might avert
death or extraneous injuries. It also does not secure the utmost longevity possible
to the human beings in general. But it guarantees two things: a) initial prevention
of putrefaction. b) Safeguarding of innate moisture from too rapid a dispersion. Every
person has a certain limit in resisting the inevitable desiccation according to his
temperament, innate heat and the quantity of the innate moisture. He cannot cross
that limit but sometimes he may die even earlier owing to causes which produce- early
desiccation or to cause which prove fatal in one way or the other. Many persons assert
that the former types of death are natural and the latter are accidental. The art
of preserving health aims at guiding the human body to reach the age, which is called
natural span of life by paying attention to things suitable for health.[9]
Although, geriatric medicine and health is one of the branches of modern medicine,
but there is much in this regard in the main resources of Iranian traditional medicine,
which represents the fact that this important subject has already been noted before
the increasing of elderly population. But has wrongly been addressed to as the scientific
achievement of the second half of the 20th century. For example, we encountered with
more than 500 related terms, including many current geriatric medical topics/titles
in various chapters and main topics of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and more in another
main resources of Traditional Medicine. In addition, there was a detailed description
of health issues, healthy eating and drinking, sport and sleeping programs of old
people. Furthermore, other subjects such as effect of environmental factors on early
premature aging, the effect of aging on the susceptibility and resistance to infectious
diseases, severe fevers, and fatal pains were also addressed in these books.[10]
Considering the increase in our population life expectancy, obvious changes happening
to the life pyramid that is leading to an increase in elderly population, and their
present and future medical and health needs; it is required to paying more attention
to this important field of medicine and health (Geriatrics) in our medical education
and research policy at the Ministry of Health, with a reference to leading ideas!
Views of our scientists of 1,200 years ago and recent emphasizes made by WHO at the
beginning of the new millennium and in relation to the theme of World Health Day of
2012 – Healthy Aging.
END NOTES
Rhazes (865-925) has written the first encyclopedia of traditional medicine, called
al-Havi. One of the most appealing healers from a modern vantage point was the Persian
Razi, called Rhazes in the West. Students and practitioners thronged to his lectures,
and apparently he was also a brilliant bedside teacher. He was also an independent
thinker, not afraid to rely on his own observations when they contradicted the past;
he counseled others that “all that is written in books is worth much less than the
experience of a wise doctor. His most celebrated work, al-Havi, summarized the medical
and surgical knowledge of his time. Rhazes's fame rested on clear-cut clinical descriptions
of illness, original observations, and a pragmatic approach to treatment. He advised
proper food in preference to drugs in treatment, and recommended simple rather than
complex remedies.[1]
Ahvazi or Ali ibn al-’Abbas al-Majusi al-Ahvazi or Haly Abbas (930-994) as the writer
of the second encyclopedia of traditional medicine has written his book, called Kamel-al-Sanaah
by using monotheistic literature. Ahvazi also from the eastern caliphate, in the late
tenth century wrote highly popular and perceptive commentaries on Hippocrates, Galen
and Rhazes, which were standard Arabic texts before Avicenna's Canon came upon the
scene. Early Christian translators introduced Haly Abbas's works to the West, especially
his surgical writings. The name of Isaac Judaeus (Abu Ya’qub Is-hag Sulayman al-Israili)
is linked with Haly Abbas because the translator Constantinus Africanus erroneously
attributed to Isaac Judaeus some texts that may have been written by Haly Abbas.1,2
Avicenna (850-1037) is writer of the third encyclopedia of traditional medicine, called
Canon of Medicine. He has born near Bokhara, ancient Iran. He was a boy prodigy and
is said to have mastered the Qoran by the age of ten. Aristotle's ideas intrigued
him, and he also studied the commentators, such as al-Farabi. The entire gamut of
human knowledge was within his purview: grammar, poetry, geometry, astronomy, anatomy,
physiology, materia medica, and surgery. In fact, until the mid-seventeenth century,
the medical curriculum of the Christian universities, including those in the British
Isles, was based on Avicenna's writings.[1]
Jorjani (1040-1136) has written the fourth encyclopedia of Iranian Traditional Medicine.
Is named as Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi. He did for Persian science what the Bible did
for English prose. By this great encyclopedia of medicine He standardized medical
technical terms. The phrases which he borrowed from the Arabic text-books of Rhazes,
Ahvazi and Avicenna became thereafter incorporated in the scientific language of the
Persians for the use of later writers. After Rhazes and Avicenna this work became
the most consulted and the most frequently quoted of all the text-books of medicine.2