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      Rustitermes boteroi , a new genus and species of soldierless termites (Blattodea, Isoptera, Apicotermitinae) from South America

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          Abstract

          We present the description of a new genus and species of soldierless termites from South America. Rustitermes boteroi Constantini, Castro & Scheffrahn, gen. et sp. nov. can be identified by the morphology of the enteric valve, with six slightly asymmetric cushions, each one forming a central pouch made of scales smaller than those between the cushions. The new genus features two characteristic rows of thick bristles on the interior margin of the fore tibia, and is supported by COI molecular sequence data. This species is distributed from Tobago to northern Argentina.

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          Bayesian Phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7

          Computational evolutionary biology, statistical phylogenetics and coalescent-based population genetics are becoming increasingly central to the analysis and understanding of molecular sequence data. We present the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) software package version 1.7, which implements a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian phylogenetic inference, divergence time dating, coalescent analysis, phylogeography and related molecular evolutionary analyses. This package includes an enhanced graphical user interface program called Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Utility (BEAUti) that enables access to advanced models for molecular sequence and phenotypic trait evolution that were previously available to developers only. The package also provides new tools for visualizing and summarizing multispecies coalescent and phylogeographic analyses. BEAUti and BEAST 1.7 are open source under the GNU lesser general public license and available at http://beast-mcmc.googlecode.com and http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk
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            A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology.

            The first comprehensive combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of termites is presented. This was based on the analysis of three genes (cytochrome oxidase II, 12S and 28S) and worker characters for approximately 250 species of termites. Parsimony analysis of the aligned dataset showed that the monophyly of Hodotermitidae, Kalotermitidae and Termitidae were well supported, while Termopsidae and Rhinotermitidae were both paraphyletic on the estimated cladogram. Within Termitidae, the most diverse and ecologically most important family, the monophyly of Macrotermitinae, Foraminitermitinae, Apicotermitinae, Syntermitinae and Nasutitermitinae were all broadly supported, but Termitinae was paraphyletic. The pantropical genera Termes, Amitermes and Nasutitermes were all paraphyletic on the estimated cladogram, with at least 17 genera nested within Nasutitermes, given the presently accepted generic limits. Key biological features were mapped onto the cladogram. It was not possible to reconstruct the evolution of true workers unambiguously, as it was as parsimonious to assume a basal evolution of true workers and subsequent evolution of pseudergates, as to assume a basal condition of pseudergates and subsequent evolution of true workers. However, true workers were only found in species with either separate- or intermediate-type nests, so that the mapping of nest habit and worker type onto the cladogram were perfectly correlated. Feeding group evolution, however, showed a much more complex pattern, particularly within the Termitidae, where it proved impossible to estimate unambiguously the ancestral state within the family (which is associated with the loss of worker gut flagellates). However, one biologically plausible optimization implies an initial evolution from wood-feeding to fungus-growing, proposed as the ancestral condition within the Termitidae, followed by the very early evolution of soil-feeding and subsequent re-evolution of wood-feeding in numerous lineages.
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              Challenging Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls: knowledge gradients and conservation planning in a biodiversity hotspot

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2020
                25 March 2020
                : 922
                : 35-49
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Avenida Vásquez Cobo Calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI Leticia Colombia
                [2 ] Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 # 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia
                [3 ] Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Cx. Postal 42.391, 04218–970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, Florida 33314, USA University of Florida Davie United States of America
                [5 ] Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus 03, Jardim Antares, 09606-070, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil Universidade Federal do ABC São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Daniel Castro ( danielkaz80@ 123456gmail.com )

                Academic editor: F. Legendre

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-6129
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-7252
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-6335
                Article
                47347
                10.3897/zookeys.922.47347
                7113326
                32256155
                78265468-8584-4f18-8fb7-a54f694f3c86
                Daniel Castro, Joice P. Constantini, Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, Tiago F. Carrijo, Eliana M. Cancello

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 October 2019
                : 24 January 2020
                Categories
                Research Article
                Blattodea
                Isoptera
                Termitidae
                Systematics
                Taxonomy
                South America

                Animal science & Zoology
                neotropics,enteric valve,soil-feeder,barcode sequence,animalia,blattodea,termitidae

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