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      Identification of Reproduction-Specific Genes Associated with Maturation and Estrogen Exposure in a Marine Bivalve Mytilus edulis

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          Abstract

          Background

          While it is established that vertebrate-like steroids, particularly estrogens (estradiol, estrone) and androgens (testosterone), are present in various tissues of molluscs, it is still unclear what role these play in reproductive endocrinology in such organisms. This is despite the significant commercial shellfishery interest in several bivalve species and their decline.

          Methodology/Principal Findings

          Using suppression subtraction hybridisation of mussel gonad samples at two stages (early and mature) of gametogenesis and (in parallel) following controlled laboratory estrogen exposure, we isolate several differentially regulated genes including testis-specific kinases, vitelline lysin and envelope sequences.

          Conclusions

          The differentially expressed mRNAs isolated provide evidence that mussels may be impacted by exogenous estrogen exposure.

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          Most cited references66

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          Resurrecting the ancestral steroid receptor: ancient origin of estrogen signaling.

          Eleanor F. Need, Aaron Thornton, David Crews (2003)
          Receptors for sex and adrenal steroid hormones are absent from fully sequenced invertebrate genomes and have not been recovered from other invertebrates. Here we report the isolation of an estrogen receptor ortholog from the mollusk Aplysia californica and the reconstruction, synthesis, and experimental characterization of functional domains of the ancestral protein from which all extant steroid receptors (SRs) evolved. Our findings indicate that SRs are extremely ancient and widespread, having diversified from a primordial gene before the origin of bilaterally symmetric animals, and that this ancient receptor had estrogen receptor-like functionality. This gene was lost in the lineage leading to arthropods and nematodes and became independent of hormone regulation in the Aplysia lineage.
          Article 0 comments Cited 125 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Interspecific variations in adhesive protein sequences of Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and M. trossulus.

            K. Horie-Inoue, M Matsuoka, J. Herbert Waite … (1995)
            Variation in the adhesive protein gene sequences of Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and M. trossulus collected in Delaware, Kamaishi (Japan), and Alaska, respectively, was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two sets of oligonucleotide primers. The first set, Me 13 and Me 14, was designed to amplify the repetitive region. The length of the amplified fragments was highly variable, even among samples of the same species. Another set, Me 15 and Me 16, was designed to amplify a part of the nonrepetitive region. The length of the amplified fragments was uniform in each species and differed interspecifically; 180, 168, and 126 bp for M. edulis, M. trossulus, and M. galloprovincialis, respectively. The amplified sequence of M. trossulus resembled that of M. edulis. Mussels from other sites were also examined by PCR using Me 15 and Me 16. Wild mussels from Tromsö (Norway) and cultured mussels from Brittany (France) were identified as M. edulis. Cultured mussels from the Mediterranean coast of France and wild mussels from Shimizu (Japan) were identified as M. galloprovincialis. Some wild mussels from Hiura (Japan) were identified as a hybrid between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus. Thus, the length of this part (variable region) of the sequence is proposed as a diagnostic marker for these three morphologically similar species and their hybrids.
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              The use of biomarkers in biomonitoring: a 2-tier approach assessing the level of pollutant-induced stress syndrome in sentinel organisms.

              Edward D. Lowe, E. Fabbri, Jacqueline A. Koehler … (2007)
              The paper outlines a 2-tier approach for wide-scale biomonitoring programmes. To obtain a high level of standardization, we suggest the use of caged organisms (mussels or fish). An "early warning", highly sensitive, low-cost biomarker is employed in tier 1 (i.e. lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) and survival rate, a marker for highly polluted sites). Tier 2 is used only for animals sampled at sites in which LMS changes are evident and there is no mortality, with a complete battery of biomarkers assessing the levels of pollutant-induced stress syndrome. Possible approaches for integrating biomarker data in a synthetic index are discussed, along with our proposal to use a recently developed Expert System. The latter system allows a correct selection of biomarkers at different levels of biological organisation (molecular/cellular/tissue/organism) taking into account trends in pollutant-induced biomarker changes (increasing, decreasing, bell-shape). A selection of biomarkers of stress, genotoxicity and exposure usually employed in biomonitoring programmes is presented, together with a brief overview of new biomolecular approaches.
              Article 0 comments Cited 49 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 July 2011
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e22326
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Universite du Havre, Le Havre, France
                Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: JMR CMC EC-L CM. Performed the experiments: CMC EC-L. Analyzed the data: JMR CMC EC-L. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JMR CMC EC-L. Wrote the paper: JMR CMC EC-L.

                [¤]

                Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-11-02229
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022326
                PMC ID: 3144882
                PubMed ID: 21818309
                SO-VID: 782eecda-fe5c-48b3-a7ed-ef67003bbf34
                Copyright © Ciocan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 27 January 2011
                Date accepted : 26 June 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
                Subject: Endocrine System
                Subject: Endocrine Physiology
                Subject: Hormones
                Subject: Reproductive System
                Subject: Sexual Reproduction
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Hormones
                Subject: Computational Biology
                Subject: Genomics
                Subject: Genome Expression Analysis
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Bioindicators
                Subject: Ecophysiology
                Subject: Marine Ecology
                Subject: Genetics
                Subject: Animal Genetics
                Subject: Gene Expression
                Subject: Genomics
                Subject: Genome Expression Analysis
                Subject: Marine Biology
                Subject: Marine Ecology
                Subject: Molecular Cell Biology
                Subject: Signal Transduction
                Subject: Membrane Receptor Signaling
                Subject: Gene Expression
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Physiology
                Subject: Malacology
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Subject: Marine Monitoring
                Subject: Water Quality

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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