Why Babies die in the first 7 days after birth in Somalia Region of Ethiopia?

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Introduction:

Early neonatal death, which occurs during the prenatal period, is defined as the death of a newborn between 0 and 7 days after birth. It is one of the major public health problems in several developing countries. This study aimed to determine the early neonatal mortality rate and identify determinants of early neonatal mortality in Somalia region of Ethiopia.

Methods:

The data used for this study were drawn from the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (2019 EMDHS) data. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of early neonatal mortality. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI was used to examine the association of factors with early neonatal mortality.

Results:

A total of 637 live births were included in this study. The early neonatal mortality rate in the study was 44 (95% CI: 31, 65) deaths per 1000 live births. Male babies (AOR: 1.628; 95% CI: 1.152–4.895), babies delivered at home (AOR: 2.288; 95% CI: 1.194–6.593), and babies born from uneducated mothers (AOR: 2.130; 95% CI: 1.744–6.100) were at increased risk of death in the first 7 days of life after birth. Contrarily, decreased risk of death of babies in the first 7 days of life after birth was associated with urban residence (AOR: 0.669; 95% CI: 0.033–0.721) and singleton (AOR: 0.345; 95% CI: 0.070–0.609).

Conclusion:

The early neonatal mortality rate in the region was high. The study revealed that sex of child, place of residence, birth type, mother’s educational level, and place of delivery were the determinants of the death of babies in the first 7 days of life after birth. Hence, providing health education to uneducated mothers and enhancing institutional delivery is recommended to minimize the early neonatal mortality rate in the region.

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Most cited references 43

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Delayed breastfeeding initiation and infant survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Emily R. Smith, Lisa Hurt, Ranadip Chowdhury … (2017)

Objective To assess the existing evidence regarding breastfeeding initiation time and infant morbidity and mortality. Study design We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Popline, LILACS, AIM, and Index Medicus to identify existing evidence. We included observational studies and randomized control trials that examined the association between breastfeeding initiation time and mortality, morbidity, or nutrition outcomes from birth through 12 months of age in a population of infants who all initiated breastfeeding. Two reviewers independently extracted data from eligible studies using a standardized form. We pooled effect estimates using fixed-effects meta-analysis. Results We pooled five studies, including 136,047 infants, which examined the association between very early breastfeeding initiation and neonatal mortality. Compared to infants who initiated breastfeeding ≤1 hour after birth, infants who initiated breastfeeding 2–23 hours after birth had a 33% greater risk of neonatal mortality (95% CI: 13–56%, I2 = 0%), and infants who initiated breastfeeding ≥24 hours after birth had a 2.19-fold greater risk of neonatal mortality (95% CI: 1.73–2.77, I2 = 33%). Among the subgroup of infants exclusively breastfed in the neonatal period, those who initiated breastfeeding ≥24 hours after birth had an 85% greater risk of neonatal mortality compared to infants who initiated <24 hours after birth (95% CI: 29–167%, I2 = 33%). Conclusions Policy frameworks and models to estimate newborn and infant survival, as well as health facility policies, should consider the potential independent effect of early breastfeeding initiation.

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Early neonatal death: A challenge worldwide.

Anna Parra-Llorca, Máximo Vento, Liisa Lehtonen … (2017)

Early neonatal death (ENND), defined as the death of a newborn between zero and seven days after birth, represents 73% of all postnatal deaths worldwide. Despite a 50% reduction in childhood mortality, reduction of ENND has significantly lagged behind other Millennium Developmental Goal achievements and is a growing contributor to overall mortality in children aged <5 years. The etiology of ENND is closely related to the level of a country's industrialization. Hence, prematurity and congenital anomalies are the leading causes in high-income countries. Furthermore, sudden unexpected early neonatal deaths (SUEND) and collapse have only recently been identified as relevant and often preventable causes of death. Concomitantly, perinatal-related events such as asphyxia and infections are extremely relevant in Africa, South East Asia, and Latin America and, together with prematurity, are the principal contributors to ENND. In high-income countries, according to current research evidence, survival may be improved by applying antenatal and perinatal therapies and immediate newborn resuscitation, as well as by centralizing at-risk deliveries to centers with appropriate expertise available around the clock. In addition, resources should be allocated to the close surveillance of newborn infants, especially during the first hours of life. Many of the conditions leading to ENND in low-income countries are preventable with relatively easy and cost-effective interventions such as contraception, vaccination of pregnant women, hygienic delivery at a hospital, training health care workers in resuscitation practices, simplified algorithms that allow for early detection of perinatal infections, and early initiation of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin care. The future is promising. As initiatives undertaken in previous decades have led to substantial reduction in childhood mortality, it is expected that new initiatives targeting the perinatal/neonatal periods are bound to reduce ENND and provide these babies with a better future.

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Etiology and prevention of stillbirth.

Ruth C Fretts (2005)

This is a systematic review of the literature on the causes of stillbirth and clinical opinion regarding strategies for its prevention. We reviewed the causes of stillbirth by performing a Medline search limited to articles in English published in core clinical journals from January 1, 1995, to January 1, 2005. Articles before this date were included if they added historical information relevant to the topic. A total of 1445 articles obtained, 113 were the basis of this review and chosen based on the criterion that stillbirth or fetal death was central to the article. Fifteen risk factors for stillbirths were identified and the prevalence of these conditions and associated risks are presented The most prevalent risk factors for stillbirth are prepregnancy obesity, socioeconomic factors, and advanced maternal age. Biologic markers associated with increased stillbirth risk are also reviewed, and strategies for its prevention identified. Identification of risk factors for stillbirth assists the clinician in performing a risk assessment for each patient. Unexplained stillbirths and stillbirths related to growth restriction are the 2 categories of death that contribute the most to late fetal losses. Late pregnancy is associated with an increasing risk of stillbirth, and clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate fetal growth. The value of antepartum testing is related to the underlying risk of stillbirth and, although the strategy of antepartum testing in patients with increased risk will decrease the risk of late fetal loss, it is of necessity associated with higher intervention rates.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Gizachew G. Mekebo

Gudeta Aga

Ketema B. Gondol

Belema H. Regesa

Birhanu Woldeyohannes

Temesgen S. Wolde

Getachew Tadesse

Agassa Galdassa

Kebede L. Adebe

Hirko Ketema

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann Med Surg (Lond)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ann Med Surg (Lond)

Journal ID (publisher-id): MS9

Title: Annals of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )

ISSN (Electronic): 2049-0801

Publication date Collection: May 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2023

Volume: 85

Issue: 5

Pages: 1821-1825

Affiliations

[a ]College of Natural and Computational Science, Ambo University, Ambo

[b ]Addis Ababa Transport Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author. Address: College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo19, Ethiopia. Tel.: +251912400134; Fax: +251112362006. E-mail: gizmake@ 123456gmail.com (G.G. Mekebo).

Article

Publisher ID: AMSU-D-23-00116 Accession ID: 00077

DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000690

PMC ID: 10205238

PubMed ID: 37228995

SO-VID: 784c0d96-765c-4056-a5d5-e47ac450b91b

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

History

Date received : 17 January 2023

Date accepted : 4 April 2023

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Keywords: determinants,early neonatal death,somalia region of ethiopia,the first 7 days of life after birth

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Keywords: determinants, early neonatal death, somalia region of ethiopia, the first 7 days of life after birth

Why Babies die in the first 7 days after birth in Somalia Region of Ethiopia?

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Most cited references 43

Delayed breastfeeding initiation and infant survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Early neonatal death: A challenge worldwide.

Etiology and prevention of stillbirth.

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