Incidencia y severidad de pudrición de mazorcas de maíz genéticamente modificado y convencional en Sinaloa, México

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Abstract

Resumen Se evaluó en maíz genéticamente modificado (GM) con el evento Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111, la incidencia y severidad de pudrición de mazorca por Fusarium sp., en dos localidades de Culiacán, Sinaloa. En El Camalote, el híbrido observó una incidencia y severidad de 47.2 y 22.5% respectivamente; comparado con el híbrido convencional con control de plagas que presentó 54.7 y 27.1% de incidencia y severidad de pudrición y el híbrido convencional (testigo absoluto), tuvo un mayor daño con una incidencia de 59.4 y 35.2% de severidad. En la evaluación de Oso Viejo, el hibrido Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111 presentó menor daño con 25.7 y 7.6% de incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad respectivamente; el híbrido convencional con control de plagas tuvo una incidencia de 67.5% y una severidad de 38.7%, y el testigo absoluto tuvo el mayor daño 80.8 y 53.5% de incidencia y severidad. El maíz Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111 no fue desarrollado para el manejo de enfermedades, no obstante; el resultado encontrado demuestra que el maíz genéticamente modificado confiere un beneficio adicional indirecto al de resistencia a insectos plaga, previniendo la formación de puntos de entrada para fitopatógenos que se desarrollan en el tejido susceptible, provocando la pudrición de mazorca.

Translated abstract

Abstract It was assessed in genetically modified (GM) maize with Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111, the incidence and severity of ear rot by Fusarium sp., in two locations from Culiacan, Sinaloa. In El Camalote, the hybrid showed incidence and severity of 47.2 and 22.5% respectively; compared to conventional hybrid with pest control showed 54.7 and 27.1% of incidence and severity of rot and conventional hybrid (control), had further damage with an incidence of 59.4 and severity of 35.2%. In assessing Oso Viejo, the hybrid Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111 showed less damage with 25.7 and 7.6% incidence and severity of the disease respectively; the conventional hybrid with pest control had an incidence of 67.5% and severity of 38.7%, and control had the highest damage 80.8 and 53.5% of incidence and severity. Agrisure® VipteraTM 3111 corn was not developed for disease management, however; the findings show that the genetically modified maize confers an indirect additional benefit to pest resistance, preventing the formation of entry points for pathogens that develop in susceptible tissue, causing ear rot.

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Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts.

Felicia Wu (2006)

Genetically modified (GM) Bt corn, through the pest protection that it confers, has lower levels of mycotoxins: toxic and carcinogenic chemicals produced as secondary metabolites of fungi that colonize crops. In some cases, the reduction of mycotoxins afforded by Bt corn is significant enough to have an economic impact, both in terms of domestic markets and international trade. In less developed countries where certain mycotoxins are significant contaminants of food, Bt corn adoption, by virtue of its mycotoxin reduction, may even improve human and animal health. This paper describes an integrated assessment model that analyzes the economic and health impacts of two mycotoxins in corn: fumonisin and aflatoxin. It was found that excessively strict standards of these two mycotoxins could result in global trade losses in the hundreds of millions US dollars annually, with the US, China, and Argentina suffering the greatest losses. The paper then discusses the evidence for Bt corn's lower levels of contamination of fumonisin and aflatoxin, and estimates economic impacts in the United States. A total benefit of Bt corn's reduction of fumonisin and aflatoxin in the US was estimated at 23 million dollars annually. Finally, the paper examines the potential policy impacts of Bt corn's mycotoxin reduction, on nations that are making a decision on whether to allow commercialization of this genetically modified crop.

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Reduced fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistance.

O G Munkvold, W B Showers, Mark R. Hellmich (1997)

ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted in 1994, 1995, and 1996 to evaluate the incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot and the incidence of symp-tomless Fusarium infection in kernels of maize hybrids genetically engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis genes encoding for the delta-endotoxin CryIA(b). Treatments included manual infestation with European corn borer (ECB) larvae and insecticide applications to limit ECB activity to specific maize growth stages or mimic standard ECB control practices. Fusarium symptoms and infection were affected by the specific cryIA(b) transformation used in each hybrid that determines tissue-specific expression of CryIA(b). In hybrids expressing CryIA(b) in kernels, incidence and severity of Fusarium ear rot and incidence of symptomless kernel infection were reduced compared with near-isogenic hybrids lacking cryIA(b) genes. In plants that were manually infested with ECB, ear rot incidence was reduced by 87, 58, and 68%; severity was reduced by 96, 54, and 64%; and incidence of kernel infection by Fusarium species was reduced by 17, 38, and 38% in 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively. Results were similar in treatments that were not manually infested, but differences between transgenic and nontransgenic hybrids were smaller. Most kernel infection was due to F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans (section Liseola) collectively, and it was within this group that transgenic hybrids exhibited reduced infection. Expression of CryIA(b) in plant tissues other than kernels did not consistently affect Fusarium symptoms or infection. Disease incidence was positively correlated with ECB damage to kernels. Insecticide applications also reduced Fusarium symptoms and infection when applied to nontransgenic plants.