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      Characterization of the acoustic community of vocal fishes in the Azores

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          Abstract

          Sounds produced by teleost fishes are an important component of marine soundscapes, making passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) an effective way to map the presence of vocal fishes with a minimal impact on ecosystems. Based on a literature review, we list the known soniferous fish species occurring in Azorean waters and compile their sounds. We also describe new fish sounds recorded in Azores seamounts. From the literature, we identified 20 vocal fish species present in Azores. We analysed long-term acoustic recordings carried out since 2008 in Condor and Princesa Alice seamounts and describe 20 new putative fish sound sequences. Although we propose candidates as the source of some vocalizations, this study puts into evidence the myriad of fish sounds lacking species identification. In addition to identifying new sound sequences, we provide the first marine fish sound library for Azores. Our acoustic library will allow to monitor soniferous fish species for conservation and management purposes.

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          A new methodology to infer the singing activity of an avian community: The Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI)

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            An Overview of Fixed Passive Acoustic Observation Methods for Cetaceans

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              An ecological acoustic recorder (EAR) for long-term monitoring of biological and anthropogenic sounds on coral reefs and other marine habitats.

              Keeping track of long-term biological trends in many marine habitats is a challenging task that is exacerbated when the habitats in question are in remote locations. Monitoring the ambient sound field may be a useful way of assessing biological activity because many behavioral processes are accompanied by sound production. This article reports the preliminary results of an effort to develop and use an Ecological Acoustic Recorder (EAR) to monitor biological activity on coral reefs and in surrounding waters for periods of 1 year or longer. The EAR is a microprocessor-based autonomous recorder that periodically samples the ambient sound field and also automatically detects sounds that meet specific criteria. The system was used to record the sound field of coral reefs and other marine habitats on Oahu, HI. Snapping shrimp produced the dominant acoustic energy on the reefs examined and exhibited clear diel acoustic trends. Other biological sounds recorded included those produced by fish and cetaceans, which also exhibited distinct temporal variability. Motor vessel activity could also be monitored effectively with the EAR. The results indicate that acoustic monitoring may be an effective means of tracking biological and anthropogenic activity at locations where continuous monitoring by traditional survey methods is impractical.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                4 November 2019
                2019
                : 7
                : e7772
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Okeanos-UAc R&D Center, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and IMAR - Institute of Marine Research , Horta, Açores, Portugal
                [2 ]MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário , Lisboa, Portugal
                [3 ]Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Barnstable County, MA, United States of America
                [4 ]Departamento de Biologia Animal and cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa, Portugal
                [5 ]Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
                Article
                7772
                10.7717/peerj.7772
                6836754
                7856c9ea-fad0-4c91-986c-3e794d84d48c
                ©2019 Carriço et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 13 May 2019
                : 27 August 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Azores 2020 Operational Programme and Fundo Regional para a Ciência e Tecnologia
                Award ID: PTDC/MAR/74071/2006
                Funded by: MAPCET
                Award ID: M2.1.2/F/012/2011
                Funded by: FCT-Exploratory
                Award ID: IF/00943/2013/CP1199/CT0001
                Funded by: WATCH IT
                Award ID: Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000057
                Funded by: MISTIC SEAS II
                Award ID: GA11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2
                Funded by: FEDER
                Funded by: COMPETE
                Funded by: QREN
                Funded by: POPH
                Funded by: ESF
                Funded by: Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education
                Funded by: EU-DG/ENV
                Funded by: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
                Award ID: UID/MAR/04292/2019
                Funded by: cE3c
                Award ID: UID/BIA/00329/2019
                Funded by: Fundo Regional para a Ciência e Tecnologia
                Award ID: M3.1.a/F/070/2015
                Funded by: Fundo para a Ciência e Tecnologia-Investigator contract
                Award ID: IF/00943/2013
                Funded by: Regional Government of the Azores (“Apoio ao funcionamento e gestão dos centros de I&D regionais: 2019 - DRCT- medida 1.1.a - Okeanos-UAc”)
                Data collection for this study was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Azores 2020 Operational Programme and Fundo Regional para a Ciência e Tecnologia, through research projects TRACE (PTDC/MAR/74071/2006), MAPCET (M2.1.2/F/012/2011), FCT-Exploratory (IF/00943/2013/CP1199/CT0001), WATCH IT (Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000057), and MISTIC SEAS II (GA11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ ENV.C2), through funds from FEDER, COMPETE, QREN, POPH, ESF, the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education, and EU-DG/ENV. Funds were also provided by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia to MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (UID/MAR/04292/2019; Maria Clara P. Amorim) and to cE3c (UID/BIA/00329/2019; Paulo J. Fonseca). Rita Carriço was funded by a PhD scholarship from Fundo Regional para a Ciência e Tecnologia (M3.1.a/F/070/2015). Mónica A. Silva was supported by POPH, QREN, ESF, and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education, through Fundo para a Ciência e Tecnologia-Investigator contract (IF/00943/2013). The APC fees for open access publication were supported by a program of the Regional Government of the Azores (“Apoio ao funcionamento e gestão dos centros de I&D regionais: 2019 - DRCT- medida 1.1.a - Okeanos-UAc”). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Animal Behavior
                Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science
                Conservation Biology
                Ecology
                Marine Biology

                passive acoustic monitoring,azores,seamounts,fish sounds,acoustic communication

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