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      Nódulo tiroideo en el niño Translated title: Thyroid nodules in children

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: Los nódulos tiroideos son poco frecuentes en la infancia (2% de niños tienen nódulos palpables y un 5% de niños tienen nódulos detectados por ecografía). La mayoría son benignos y asintomáticos. Pero a diferencia de lo que sucede en el adulto, el riesgo de malignización de los mismos es mayor, de modo que, dependiendo de las series la tasa de malignidad se sitúa entre 10-50%. De ahí la importancia de hacer un seguimiento clínico adecuado. Síntesis: La glándula tiroidea del niño es más sensible al efecto de determinados agentes carcinogénicos que la del adulto. Esto hace que el seguimiento de los nódulos tiroideos del niño que, en su mayoría son benignos y asintomáticos, cobre especial importancia. La American Thyroid Association (ATA) determinó que el criterio de tamaño utilizado en adultos para indicar punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) podía no ser apropiado para la glándula del niño que está en crecimiento, por lo que recomendó también tener en cuenta las características ecográficas y el contexto clínico. Ante los nódulos tiroideos benignos, se recomienda seguimiento clínico y ecográfico y ante aumentos de tamaño significativos, reconsiderar PAAF o cirugía. Conclusiones: Es importante hacer un seguimiento clínico y ecográfico en el nódulo tiroideo del niño por su mayor riesgo de malignización.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY: Introduction and objective: Thyroid nodules in children are rare (2% of children have palpable thyroid nodules and 5% of children have thyroid nodules by ultrasonography). Most of these are benign and asymptomatic, but the percentage of nodules harboring cancer in children is higher than in adults: the rate of malignancy varies from 10 to 50% depending on published case series. For this reason, it is very important evaluating and monitoring the thyroid nodules in children. Synthesis: The thyroid gland in children is more susceptible to certain carcinogenic agents than the thyroid gland in adults. Thus, clinical following of the thyroid nodules in children is very important. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) recognized that size criterion for performing fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in adults may not be appropriate in a growing thyroid gland in children. For this reason, the ATA recommended that ultrasound characterization and clinical context should be used in the evaluation. Benign thyroid nodules must be monitored by periodic neck palpation and ultrasound examinations, so that if a significant increase in size is detected, it may lead to consider repeating FNA or performing a surgical excision. Conclusions: Clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring in thyroid nodule in children is very important due to its higher rate of malignancy than in adults.

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          Most cited references20

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          Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

          Previous guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules and cancers were geared toward adults. Compared with thyroid neoplasms in adults, however, those in the pediatric population exhibit differences in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, therapy that may be recommended for an adult may not be appropriate for a child who is at low risk for death but at higher risk for long-term harm from overly aggressive treatment. For these reasons, unique guidelines for children and adolescents with thyroid tumors are needed.
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            Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): A User's Guide.

            In 2017, the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) Committee of the American College of Radiology (ACR) published a white paper that presented a new risk-stratification system for classifying thyroid nodules on the basis of their appearance at ultrasonography (US). In ACR TI-RADS, points in five feature categories are summed to determine a risk level from TR1 to TR5. Recommendations for biopsy or US follow-up are based on the nodule's ACR TI-RADS level and its maximum diameter. The purpose of this article is to offer practical guidance on how to implement and apply ACR TI-RADS based on the authors' experience with the system. © RSNA, 2018.
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              Thyroid nodule size and prediction of cancer.

              Thyroid nodule size is routinely measured, although its impact on thyroid cancer risk is unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                December 2021
                : 12
                : 4
                : 353-358
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameHospital Universitario Salamanca orgdiv1Servicio de Otorrinolaringología España
                [2] orgnameHospital Universitario Salamanca orgdiv1Servicio de Endocrinología España
                [1] orgnameHospital Universitario Salamanca orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría orgdiv2Unidad de Endocrinología Infantil España
                Article
                S2444-79862021000400007 S2444-7986(21)01200400007
                10.14201/orl.25056
                78638782-73b3-4428-97d6-d34772c61637

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 November 2020
                : 06 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                evaluation,monitoring,nódulo,tiroides,niño,evaluación,seguimiento,nodule,thyroid,children

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