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      Nudging Health Care Providers’ Adoption of Clinical Decision Support: Protocol for the User-Centered Development of a Behavioral Economics–Inspired Electronic Health Record Tool

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          Abstract

          Background

          The improvements in care resulting from clinical decision support (CDS) have been significantly limited by consistently low health care provider adoption. Health care provider attitudes toward CDS, specifically psychological and behavioral barriers, are not typically addressed during any stage of CDS development, although they represent an important barrier to adoption. Emerging evidence has shown the surprising power of using insights from the field of behavioral economics to address psychological and behavioral barriers. Nudges are formal applications of behavioral economics, defined as positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions that have a nonforced effect on decision-making.

          Objective

          Our goal is to employ a user-centered design process to develop a CDS tool—the pulmonary embolism (PE) risk calculator—for PE risk stratification in the emergency department that incorporates a behavior theory–informed nudge to address identified behavioral barriers to use.

          Methods

          All study activities took place at a large academic health system in the New York City metropolitan area. Our study used a user-centered and behavior theory–based approach to achieve the following two aims: (1) use mixed methods to identify health care provider barriers to the use of an active CDS tool for PE risk stratification and (2) develop a new CDS tool—the PE risk calculator—that addresses behavioral barriers to health care providers’ adoption of CDS by incorporating nudges into the user interface. These aims were guided by the revised Observational Research Behavioral Information Technology model. A total of 50 clinicians who used the original version of the tool were surveyed with a quantitative instrument that we developed based on a behavior theory framework—the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior framework. A semistructured interview guide was developed based on the survey responses. Inductive methods were used to analyze interview session notes and audio recordings from 12 interviews. Revised versions of the tool were developed that incorporated nudges.

          Results

          Functional prototypes were developed by using Axure PRO (Axure Software Solutions) software and usability tested with end users in an iterative agile process (n=10). The tool was redesigned to address 4 identified major barriers to tool use; we included 2 nudges and a default. The 6-month pilot trial for the tool was launched on October 1, 2021.

          Conclusions

          Clinicians highlighted several important psychological and behavioral barriers to CDS use. Addressing these barriers, along with conducting traditional usability testing, facilitated the development of a tool with greater potential to transform clinical care. The tool will be tested in a prospective pilot trial.

          International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

          DERR1-10.2196/42653

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          Most cited references46

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          The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions

          Background Improving the design and implementation of evidence-based practice depends on successful behaviour change interventions. This requires an appropriate method for characterising interventions and linking them to an analysis of the targeted behaviour. There exists a plethora of frameworks of behaviour change interventions, but it is not clear how well they serve this purpose. This paper evaluates these frameworks, and develops and evaluates a new framework aimed at overcoming their limitations. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases and consultation with behaviour change experts were used to identify frameworks of behaviour change interventions. These were evaluated according to three criteria: comprehensiveness, coherence, and a clear link to an overarching model of behaviour. A new framework was developed to meet these criteria. The reliability with which it could be applied was examined in two domains of behaviour change: tobacco control and obesity. Results Nineteen frameworks were identified covering nine intervention functions and seven policy categories that could enable those interventions. None of the frameworks reviewed covered the full range of intervention functions or policies, and only a minority met the criteria of coherence or linkage to a model of behaviour. At the centre of a proposed new framework is a 'behaviour system' involving three essential conditions: capability, opportunity, and motivation (what we term the 'COM-B system'). This forms the hub of a 'behaviour change wheel' (BCW) around which are positioned the nine intervention functions aimed at addressing deficits in one or more of these conditions; around this are placed seven categories of policy that could enable those interventions to occur. The BCW was used reliably to characterise interventions within the English Department of Health's 2010 tobacco control strategy and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence's guidance on reducing obesity. Conclusions Interventions and policies to change behaviour can be usefully characterised by means of a BCW comprising: a 'behaviour system' at the hub, encircled by intervention functions and then by policy categories. Research is needed to establish how far the BCW can lead to more efficient design of effective interventions.
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            Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care.

            Experts consider health information technology key to improving efficiency and quality of health care. To systematically review evidence on the effect of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of health care. The authors systematically searched the English-language literature indexed in MEDLINE (1995 to January 2004), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and the Periodical Abstracts Database. We also added studies identified by experts up to April 2005. Descriptive and comparative studies and systematic reviews of health information technology. Two reviewers independently extracted information on system capabilities, design, effects on quality, system acquisition, implementation context, and costs. 257 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies addressed decision support systems or electronic health records. Approximately 25% of the studies were from 4 academic institutions that implemented internally developed systems; only 9 studies evaluated multifunctional, commercially developed systems. Three major benefits on quality were demonstrated: increased adherence to guideline-based care, enhanced surveillance and monitoring, and decreased medication errors. The primary domain of improvement was preventive health. The major efficiency benefit shown was decreased utilization of care. Data on another efficiency measure, time utilization, were mixed. Empirical cost data were limited. Available quantitative research was limited and was done by a small number of institutions. Systems were heterogeneous and sometimes incompletely described. Available financial and contextual data were limited. Four benchmark institutions have demonstrated the efficacy of health information technologies in improving quality and efficiency. Whether and how other institutions can achieve similar benefits, and at what costs, are unclear.
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              Medicine. Do defaults save lives?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                JMIR Res Protoc
                JMIR Res Protoc
                ResProt
                JMIR Research Protocols
                JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )
                1929-0748
                2023
                18 January 2023
                : 12
                : e42653
                Affiliations
                [1 ] New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY United States
                [2 ] Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research Northwell Health Manhasset, NY United States
                [3 ] Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX United States
                [4 ] CommonSpirit Health Chicago, IL United States
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Safiya Richardson srichard12@ 123456northwell.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8576-1102
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0498-8779
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-2717
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1153-6313
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-0224
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-2953
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-7923
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4838-7702
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2099-0852
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2731-6489
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1005-227X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-1507
                Article
                v12i1e42653
                10.2196/42653
                9892982
                36652293
                787674d3-712e-4785-935e-7eda4608b4b6
                ©Safiya Richardson, Katherine Dauber-Decker, Jeffrey Solomon, Sundas Khan, Douglas Barnaby, John Chelico, Michael Qiu, Yan Liu, Devin Mann, Renee Pekmezaris, Thomas McGinn, Michael Diefenbach. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 18.01.2023.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

                History
                : 14 September 2022
                : 24 September 2022
                : 21 October 2022
                : 25 October 2022
                Categories
                Protocol
                Protocol
                Custom metadata
                This paper was externally peer reviewed by the NHLBI Mentored Patient-Oriented Research (MPOR) Review Committee - Heart, Lung, and Blood Initial Review Group - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute(National Institutes of Health, USA). See the Multimedia Appendix for the peer-review report;

                health informatics,clinical decision support,electronic health record,implementation science,behavioral economics,user-centered design,pulmonary embolism

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