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      • Record: found
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      Is Open Access

      Optimization of bioactive polyphenols recovery from Flammulina velutipes stem waste using nonionic surfactant-integrated ultrasound-assisted extraction ☆

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          Highlights

          • •

            Green extraction from F. velutipes stem waste unlocks numerous bioactive polyphenols.

          • •

            Optimized surfactant-ultrasound extraction boosts antioxidant activity.

          • •

            Valorization of F. velutipes stem waste can be effective way to attain sustainability.

          Abstract

          The process of cultivating edible and medicinal mushrooms results in considerable biomass waste, which can be a rich source of bioactive compounds. This research aimed at optimizing the yield of polyphenols and improving the antioxidant potential of extracts derived from the stem waste of Flammulina velutipes (FVS). Notably, this investigation is the first to harness FVS as a raw material for the extraction of total polyphenols by nonionic surfactant-integrated ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques. Through the screening of nonionic surfactants, it was determined that Genapol X-080 exhibited the highest efficacy in extracting phenolic constituents. When comparing the total polyphenol yields obtained from FVS via various extraction methods, it was found that UAE yielded significantly more polyphenols compared to both stirring-assisted and heating extraction methods. Furthermore, the sustainability analysis highlighted that the combination of nonionic surfactants with UAE presents a more environmentally friendly option, achieving a score of 0.73 in the Analytical Greenness Calculator. To optimize the extraction parameters, response surface methodology was utilized. The ideal conditions determined were: an ultrasound time of 90 min, a temperature of 44 °C, a 75 % ethanol concentration, and ultrasonic power set at 160 W. Comparative assessments revealed that the refined UAE method enhanced the extraction rate by 27.35 %, while simultaneously decreasing energy use by 66.67 %. Moreover, evaluations of the antioxidant levels in the samples showed that the optimized FVS extracts consistently demonstrated superior antioxidant activities across all evaluated free radical scavenging tests (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and hydroxyl radicals). These results provide significant insights into the effective utilization of mushroom stem waste and advance efforts in the valorization of biomass byproducts from the mushroom industry.

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          Most cited references37

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          A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index

          J. Płotka-Wasylka (2018)
          A new means for assessing analytical protocols relating to green analytical chemistry attributes has been developed. The new tool, called GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index), evaluates the green character of an entire analytical methodology, from sample collection to final determination, and was created using such tools as the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) or Analytical Eco-Scale to provide not only general but also qualitative information. In GAPI, a specific symbol with five pentagrams can be used to evaluate and quantify the environmental impact involved in each step of an analytical methodology, mainly from green through yellow to red depicting low, medium to high impact, respectively. The proposed tool was used to evaluate analytical procedures applied in the determination of biogenic amines in wine samples, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon determination by EPA methods. GAPI tool not only provides an immediately perceptible perspective to the user/reader but also offers exhaustive information on evaluated procedures.
          Article 0 comments Cited 517 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effects of extraction methods on the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides obtained from Flammulina velutipes.

            Huijuan Pan, Leifa Fan, Zuofa Zhang … (2013)
            Four polysaccharides (CFP, UFP, MFP and EFP) were extracted from Flammulina velutipes using hot water, ultrasonic, microwave or enzymatic methods optimized by orthogonal test. Preliminary structural characterizations were conducted using physicochemical properties. Polysaccharides extracted by all four methods showed similar physicochemical characteristics and FT-IR spectra. However, SEM images of tissues of F. velutipes were significantly different. EFP demonstrated better antioxidant activities against hydroxyl radical as well as improved metal chelating activity. UFP showed higher DPPH scavenging activity, but CFP exhibited higher antioxidant activity in reducing power. Hence, these polysaccharides can be used as natural antioxidants in functional foods or medicine. Further experiments on the biological activities of these four polysaccharides are currently in progress.
            Article 0 comments Cited 47 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phytocompounds from dragon fruit peel: Optimization, kinetics and thermodynamic studies.

              G Bhagya Raj, Kshirod Dash (2020)
              Ultrasound-assisted extraction method (UAE) was applied to recover phytocompounds from dragon fruit peel and the process was modelled and optimized using the combination of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA). The influence of ultrasonic temperature (30-70 °C), solvent to solid ratio (10:1-30:1 mL/g), solvent concentration (30-60%), and ultrasonic treatment time (5-25 min) on total polyphenolic content (ZT), antioxidant activity (ZD) and betacyanin content (ZB) was investigated. The ANN model successfully fitted to the experimental data and the output of ANN model was applied for genetic algorithm optimization. The optimal UAE conditions were obtained at ultrasonic temperature of 60 °C, solvent to solid ratio 25:1 mL/g, solvent concentration 60%, and ultrasonic treatment time of 20 min. The extraction kinetics and thermodynamic study for phytochemical compounds extracted from dragon fruit peel using UAE process was carried out at different combinations of temperature and time of extraction. The effective diffusion coefficient for total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and betacyanin content were ranged from 2.99×10-11to4.84×10-11m2/s, 1.89×10-11to4.51×10-11m2/s and 2.55×10-11to5.40×10-11m2/s respectively and the corresponding mass transfer coefficient were varied between 2.00×10-06-2.81×10-06m/s, 1.53×10-06-2.66×10-06m/s and 1.81×10-06-3.05×10-06m/s respectively. The obtained information on effective diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient during extraction would allow the prediction of extraction rate and for estimation of operation conditions for industrial implementation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Huimin Huo
                Haiying Bao
                Hao Yin
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ultrason Sonochem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ultrason Sonochem
                Title: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1350-4177
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2828
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 May 2025
                Publication date Collection: August 2025
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2025
                Volume: 119
                Electronic Location Identifier: 107408
                Affiliations
                [a ]Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
                [b ]Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. baohaiying@ 123456jlau.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1350-4177(25)00187-7 Publisher ID: 107408
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107408
                PMC ID: 12162068
                PubMed ID: 40451111
                SO-VID: 78890862-a272-41df-aa05-ad16c8390227
                Copyright © © 2025 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 March 2025
                Date revision received : 17 May 2025
                Date accepted : 28 May 2025
                Categories
                Subject: Ultrasound in Circular Process

                Keywords: flammulina velutipes stem,ultrasound-assisted extraction,polyphenols,rsm,antioxidant activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: flammulina velutipes stem, ultrasound-assisted extraction, polyphenols, rsm, antioxidant activity

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