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      Functionality and prevalence of trehalose-based oligosaccharides as novel compatible solutes in ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri) and other fungi

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          Abstract

          Ascospores of N eosartorya, B yssochlamys and T alaromyces can be regarded as the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells. They can survive exposure at temperatures as high as 85°C for 100 min or more. N eosartorya fischeri ascospores are more viscous and more resistant to the combined stress of heat and desiccation than the ascospores of T alaromyces macrosporus which contain predominantly trehalose. These ascospores contain trehalose-based oligosaccharides (TOS) that are novel compatible solutes, which are accumulated to high levels. These compounds are also found in other members of the genus N eosartorya and in some other genera within the order Eurotiales that also include B yssochlamys and T alaromyces. The presence of oligosaccharides was observed in species that had a relatively high growth temperature. TOS glasses have a higher glass transition temperature (T g) than trehalose, and they form a stable glass with crystallizing molecules, such as mannitol. Our data indicate that TOS are important for prolonged stabilization of cells against stress. The possible unique role of these solutes in protection against dry heat conditions is discussed.

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          Galactinol and raffinose constitute a novel function to protect plants from oxidative damage.

          Galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that function as osmoprotectants in plant cells. In leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2 (HsfA2), the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) was highly induced; thus, levels of galactinol and raffinose increased compared with those in wild-type plants under control growth conditions. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 mum methylviologen (MV) increased the transcript levels of not only HsfA2, but also GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and RS2, -4, -5, and -6, the total activities of GolS isoenzymes, and the levels of galactinol and raffinose. GolS1- or GolS2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29) had increased levels of galactinol and raffinose in the leaves compared with wild-type plants under control growth conditions. High intracellular levels of galactinol and raffinose in the transgenic plants were correlated with increased tolerance to MV treatment and salinity or chilling stress. Galactinol and raffinose effectively protected salicylate from attack by hydroxyl radicals in vitro. These findings suggest the possibility that galactinol and raffinose scavenge hydroxyl radicals as a novel function to protect plant cells from oxidative damage caused by MV treatment, salinity, or chilling.
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            SEAVIEW and PHYLO_WIN: two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny.

            SEAVIEW and PHYLO_WIN are two graphic tools for X Windows-Unix computers dedicated to sequence alignment and molecular phylogenetics. SEAVIEW is a sequence alignment editor allowing manual or automatic alignment through an interface with CLUSTALW program. Alignment of large sequences with extensive length differences is made easier by a dot-plot-based routine. The PHYLO_WIN program allows phylogenetic tree building according to most usual methods (neighbor joining with numerous distance estimates, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood), and a bootstrap analysis with any of them. Reconstructed trees can be drawn, edited, printed, stored, evaluated according to numerous criteria. Taxonomic species groups and sets of conserved regions can be defined by mouse and stored into sequence files, thus avoiding multiple data files. Both tools are entirely mouse driven. On-line help makes them easy to use. They are freely available by anonymous ftp at biom3.univ-lyon1.fr/pub/ mol_phylogeny or http:@acnuc.univ-lyon1.fr/, or by e-mail to galtier@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr.
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              The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis.

              Numerous organisms are capable of surviving more or less complete dehydration. A common feature in their biochemistry is that they accumulate large amounts of disaccharides, the most common of which are sucrose and trehalose. Over the past 20 years, we have provided evidence that these sugars stabilize membranes and proteins in the dry state, most likely by hydrogen bonding to polar residues in the dry macromolecular assemblages. This direct interaction results in maintenance of dry proteins and membranes in a physical state similar to that seen in the presence of excess water. An alternative viewpoint has been proposed, based on the fact that both sucrose and trehalose form glasses in the dry state. It has been suggested that glass formation (vitrification) is in itself sufficient to stabilize dry biomaterials. In this review we present evidence that, although vitrification is indeed required, it is not in itself sufficient. Instead, both direct interaction and vitrification are required. Special properties have often been claimed for trehalose in this regard. In fact, trehalose has been shown by many workers to be remarkably (and sometimes uniquely) effective in stabilizing dry or frozen biomolecules, cells, and tissues. Others have not observed any such special properties. We review evidence here showing that trehalose has a remarkably high glass-transition temperature (Tg). It is not anomalous in this regard because it lies at the end of a continuum of sugars with increasing Tg. However, it is unusual in that addition of small amounts of water does not depress Tg, as in other sugars. Instead, a dihydrate crystal of trehalose forms, thereby shielding the remaining glassy trehalose from effects of the added water. Thus under less than ideal conditions such as high humidity and temperature, trehalose does indeed have special properties, which may explain the stability and longevity of anhydrobiotes that contain it. Further, it makes this sugar useful in stabilization of biomolecules of use in human welfare.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Environ Microbiol
                Environ. Microbiol
                emi
                Environmental Microbiology
                BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                1462-2912
                1462-2920
                February 2015
                22 October 2014
                : 17
                : 2
                : 395-411
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584CT, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen NMR Centre, Wageningen University Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [4 ]Chemistry Department, Hamilton College Clinton, NY, USA
                [5 ]Department of Chemistry, Davidson College Davidson, NC, USA
                [6 ]Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, Northern Ireland
                [7 ]Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                For correspondence. E-mail j.dijksterhuis@ 123456cbs.knaw.nl ; Tel. +31(0)3 2122600; Fax +31(0)3 2512097.

                This said, under some conditions, fungal spores may preferentially accumulate glycerol, erythritol and/or arabitol (Hallsworth and Magan, 1994, 1995; Hallsworth et al., 2003).

                Examples include Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some extreme, prokaryotic halophiles (see also above): Hallsworth ( 1998); Hallsworth et al. ( 2007); Williams and Hallsworth ( 2009); Cray et al. ( 2013a); Lievens et al. ( 2014); Oren and Hallsworth ( 2014); and Yakimov et al. ( 2014).

                Article
                10.1111/1462-2920.12558
                4371660
                25040129
                78a00f19-a175-428e-a647-4208ceb49237
                Copyright © 2015 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 March 2014
                : 25 June 2014
                : 11 July 2014
                Categories
                Research Articles

                Microbiology & Virology
                Microbiology & Virology

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