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      The Irvine, Beatties, and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Recovery Scale: An Assessment of Reliability and Validity

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          Abstract

          The IBB scale is a recently developed forelimb scale for the assessment of fine control of the forelimb and digits after cervical spinal cord injury [SCI; ( 1)]. The present paper describes the assessment of inter-rater reliability and face, concurrent and construct validity of this scale following SCI. It demonstrates that the IBB is a reliable and valid scale that is sensitive to severity of SCI and to recovery over time. In addition, the IBB correlates with other outcome measures and is highly predictive of biological measures of tissue pathology. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates that the IBB is highly predictive of the syndromic outcome after SCI ( 2), and is among the best predictors of bio-behavioral function, based on strong construct validity. Altogether, the data suggest that the IBB, especially in concert with other measures, is a reliable and valid tool for assessing neurological deficits in fine motor control of the distal forelimb, and represents a powerful addition to multivariate outcome batteries aimed at documenting recovery of function after cervical SCI in rats.

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          Strong Inference: Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others.

          J. R. Platt (1964)
          Article 0 comments Cited 566 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection.

            D Basso, M S Beattie, J C Bresnahan (1996)
            Injury reproducibility is an important characteristic of experimental models of spinal cord injuries (SCI) because it limits the variability in locomotor and anatomical outcome measures. Recently, a more sensitive locomotor rating scale, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale (BBB), was developed but had not been tested on rats with severe SCI complete transection. Rats had a 10-g rod dropped from heights of 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mm onto the exposed cord at Tl 0 using the NYU device. A subset of rats with 25 and 50 mm SCI had subsequent spinal cord transection (SCI + TX) and were compared to rats with transection only (TX) in order to ascertain the dependence of recovery on descending systems. After 7-9 weeks of locomotor testing, the percentage of white matter measured from myelin-stained cross sections through the lesion center was significantly different between all the groups with the exception of 12.5 vs 25 mm and 25 vs 50 mm groups. Locomotor recovery was greatest for the 6.25-mm group and least for the 50-mm group and was correlated positively to the amount of tissue sparing at the lesion center (p 0.05). Thus, spared descending systems appear to modify segmental systems which produce greater behavioral improvements than isolated cord systems.
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              CNS plasticity and assessment of forelimb sensorimotor outcome in unilateral rat models of stroke, cortical ablation, parkinsonism and spinal cord injury.

              Timothy Schallert, Sheila Fleming, J.Leigh Leasure … (2000)
              We have reviewed a battery of useful tests for evaluating sensorimotor function and plasticity acutely and chronically in unilateral rat models of central nervous system injury. These tests include forelimb use for weight shifting during vertical exploration in a cylindrical enclosure, an adhesive removal test of sensory function, and forelimb placing. These tests monitor recovery of sensorimotor function independent of the extent of test experience. Data are presented for four models, including permanent focal ischemia, focal injury to the forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex, dopaminergic neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal system, and cervical spinal cord injury. The effect of the dendrite growth promoting factor, Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1) on outcome following permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was used as an example to illustrate how the tests can be applied preclinically. OP-1 showed a beneficial effect on limb use asymmetry in the cylinder test.
              Article 0 comments Cited 264 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Karen-Amanda Irvine: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/164651
                Adam R. Ferguson: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/42649
                Amity Lin: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/169245
                J. Russell Huie: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/48509
                Jessica L. Nielson: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/167051
                Jason F. Talbott: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/169254
                Tomoo Inoue: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/169253
                Michael S. Beattie: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/13559
                Jacqueline C. Bresnahan: URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/13556
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Neurol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Neurol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Neurol.
                Title: Frontiers in Neurology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-2295
                Publication date (Electronic preprint): 23 May 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 July 2014
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 116
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Renée Morris, The University of New South Wales, Australia

                Reviewed by: David Magnuson, University of Louisville, USA; Ian Q. Whishaw, University of Lethbridge, Canada

                *Correspondence: Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA e-mail: jacqueline.bresnahan@ 123456ucsf.edu
                †Present address: Karen-Amanda Irvine, Department of Neurology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Tomoo Inoue, Department of Neurological Surgery, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

                This article was submitted to Movement Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00116
                PMC ID: 4083223
                PubMed ID: 25071704
                SO-VID: 78be7b3b-f320-40bf-8391-5215ae149edf
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Irvine, Ferguson, Mitchell, Beattie, Lin, Stuck, Huie, Nielson, Talbott, Inoue, Beattie and Bresnahan.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 16 May 2014
                Date accepted : 20 June 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 2, Equations: 2, References: 56, Pages: 19, Words: 13825
                Categories
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Methods Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: spinal cord injury,recovery of function,forelimb functional task,reliability,validity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: spinal cord injury, recovery of function, forelimb functional task, reliability, validity

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