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      HUMAN OCCUPATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT DURING THE HOLOCENE IN THE RIVER CAUCA VALLEY, COLOMBIA: THE EVIDENCE FROM PALEOBOTANY AND FROM SOIL STUDIES Translated title: OCUPACIONES HUMANAS YEL MEDIO AMBIENTE DURANTE EL HOLOCENO EN EL VALLE DEL RÍO CAUCA, COLOMBIA: LA EVIDENCIA DE LA PALEOBOTÁNICA y DE LA LITOLOGÍA

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          Abstract

          This paper summarises the results of on-going research on the valley floor by a multidisciplinary team of archaeologists and specialists in soils, pollen and phytoliths. The research project is designed to chart the history of human occupation of this complex and frequently flooded area during the Holocene and the interaction between this environment and the human population. In the mountains surrounding much of the upper and central Cauca valley there is a gap in our knowledge of human occupation of a thousand years and more with the most recent dates for preceramic sites in the third millennium B.C.; furthermore these later sites appear to be far less numerous than those known from earlier in the Holocene. This "archaeological silence" comes to an end about 700 B.C., by which time the area was inhabited by established farmers with sophisticated pottery. The period of silence is precisely when we would expect to find evidence for early Formative activity in the area, including an intensification of horticulture. Project results, so far, include evidence for local climatic fluctuations with wetter and drier periods, tentative evidence (burning) for human disturbance of the environment from very early in the Holocene (late IXth millennium B.C.) and firm paleobotanical evidence from one or probably two sites for cultivation (maize and arrowroot) associated with burning or other forms of disturbance of the vegetation within the period of "archaeological silence". Although no artefacts from this period have been found so far, a considerable number of sites were located from the late Formative period (Ilama and its daughter culture, Yotoco), testifying to a much more intensive occupation of the valley floor and its floodlands at this time than had been documented previously.

          Translated abstract

          Este trabajo resume los resultados de investigaciones en curso en el valle del río Cauca por un equipo multidisciplinario de arqueólogos y especialistas en suelo, polen y fitolitos. El proyecto de investigación está diseñado para estudiar la historia de la ocupación humana de esta área compleja frecuentemente inundada durante el Holoceno y la interacción entre el medio ambiente y la población humana. En las montañas que rodean gran parte del valle del Cauca medio y superior hay un vacío de más de mil años en nuestro conocimiento sobre las ocupaciones humanas de acuerdo con los fechados más recientes de los sitios precerámicos en el tercer milenio antes de Cristo; además, estos últimos sitios parecen ser mucho menos numerosos que aquellos conocidos anteriormente en el Holoceno. Este "silencio arqueológico" parece terminar hacia el 700 d. C., cuando el área fue ocupada por agricultores con cerámica sofisticada. El período de silencio es precisamente cuando pudiéramos haber esperado encontrar evidencias de actividad del Formativo temprano incluyendo la intensificación de la horticultura. Los resultados del proyecto hasta el momento evidencian fluctuaciones climáticas locales con períodos húmedos y secos, evidencias tentativas de alteración del medio ambiente (quemazones) desde muy temprano en el Holoceno (últimaparte del IX milenio a.C.) y evidenciaspaleobotánicas concretas de uno o dos sitios probables de cultivos (maíz y cocurito) asociado a quemas u otras formas de disturbación de la vegetación en el período del "silencio arqueológico". Aunque hasta el momento no se han encontrado artefactos correspondientes a este período, un número considerable de sitios del período Formativo tardío (Ilama y su hija cultural Yotoco) testifican como correspondiente a una ocupación mucho más intensiva en el piso del valle y sus zonas de inundación en este tiempo de lo que ha sido previamente documentado.

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          Phylogenetic relationships among domesticated and wild species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from a mitochondrial gene: Implications for crop plant evolution and areas of origin.

          We have investigated the phylogenetic relationships among six wild and six domesticated taxa of Cucurbita using as a marker an intron region from the mitochondrial nad1 gene. Our study represents one of the first successful uses of a mtDNA gene in resolving inter- and intraspecific taxonomic relationships in Angiosperms and yields several important insights into the origins of domesticated Cucurbita. First, our data suggest at least six independent domestication events from distinct wild ancestors. Second, Cucurbita argyrosperma likely was domesticated from a wild Mexican gourd, Cucurbita sororia, probably in the same region of southwest Mexico that gave rise to maize. Third, the wild ancestor of Cucurbita moschata is still unknown, but mtDNA data combined with other sources of information suggest that it will probably be found in lowland northern South America. Fourth, Cucurbita andreana is supported as the wild progenitor of Cucurbita maxima, but humid lowland regions of Bolivia in addition to warmer temperate zones in South America from where C. andreana was originally described should possibly be considered as an area of origin for C. maxima. Fifth, our data support other molecular results that indicate two separate domestications in the Cucurbita pepo complex. The potential zone of domestication for one of the domesticated subspecies, C. pepo subsp. ovifera, includes eastern North America and should be extended to northeastern Mexico. The wild ancestor of the other domesticated subspecies, C. pepo subsp. pepo, is undiscovered but is closely related to C. pepo subsp. fraterna and possibly will be found in southern Mexico.
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            Holocene fire and occupation in Amazonia: records from two lake districts.

            While large-scale pre-Columbian human occupation and ecological disturbance have been demonstrated close to major Amazonian waterways, less is known of sites in terra firme settings. Palaeoecological analyses of two lake districts in central and western Amazonia reveal long histories of occupation and land use. At both locations, human activity was centred on one of the lakes, while the others were either lightly used or unused. These analyses indicate that the scale of human impacts in these terra firme settings is localized and probably strongly influenced by the presence of a permanent open-water body. Evidence is found of forest clearance and cultivation of maize and manioc. These data are directly relevant to the resilience of Amazonian conservation, as they do not support the contention that all of Amazonia is a 'built landscape' and therefore a product of past human land use.
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              Comparative study of modern phytolith assemblages from inter-tropical Africa

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rda
                Diálogo andino
                Diálogo Andino
                Universidad de Tarapacá. Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geográficas (Arica, , Chile )
                0719-2681
                June 2013
                : 41
                : 159-170
                Affiliations
                [04] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Colombia
                [03] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Departamento de Antropología Colombia amgrootd@ 123456unal.edu.co
                [01] Columbia orgnameUniversity of Missouri orgdiv1Department of Anthropology orgdiv2Paleoethnobotany Laboratory Estados Unidos
                [05] orgnameUniversidad de Leicester orgdiv1Departamento de Geografía orgdiv2Lecturer in Physical Geography Reino Unido jcb34@ 123456le.ac.uk
                [02] Bogotá orgnameAsociación Pro Calima para la Investigación Arqueológica Colombia marianne@ 123456procalima.org
                Article
                S0719-26812013000100010 S0719-2681(13)00004100010
                78e1b098-6f13-411a-957e-ba46f4b09145

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 November 2012
                : 22 February 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Colombia,valle del río Cauca,medio ambiente y cultura,arqueología,Cauca Valley,environment and culture,archaeology

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