Early-Life m ⁶A RNA Demethylation by Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein (FTO) Influences Resilience or Vulnerability to Heat Stress Later in Life

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Abstract

Early life heat stress leads to either resilience or vulnerability to a similar stress later in life. We have previously shown that this tuning of the stress response depends on neural network organization in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) thermal response center and is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we expand our understanding of stress response establishment describing a role for epitranscriptomic regulation of the epigenetic machinery. Specifically, we explore the role of N ⁶-methyladenosine (m ⁶A) RNA methylation in long-term response to heat stress. Heat conditioning of 3-d-old chicks diminished m ⁶A RNA methylation in the hypothalamus, simultaneously with an increase in the mRNA levels of the m ⁶A demethylase, fat mass and obesity-associated protein ( FTO). Moreover, a week later, methylation of two heat stress-related transcripts, histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 ( EZH2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF), were downregulated in harsh-heat-conditioned chicks. During heat challenge a week after conditioning, there was a reduction of m ⁶A levels in mild-heat-conditioned chicks and an elevation in harsh-heat-conditioned ones. This increase in m ⁶A modification was negatively correlated with the expression levels of both BDNF and EZH2. Antisense “knock-down” of FTO caused an elevation of global m ⁶A RNA methylation, reduction of EZH2 and BDNF mRNA levels, and decrease in global H3K27 dimethylation as well as dimethyl H3K27 level along BDNF coding region, and, finally, led to heat vulnerability. These findings emphasize the multilevel regulation of gene expression, including both epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms, fine-tuning the neural network organization in a response to stress.