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      When and why carbohydrate restriction can be a viable option.

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          Abstract

          There is a significant amount of controversy related to the optimal amount of dietary carbohydrate. This review summarizes the health-related positives and negatives associated with carbohydrate restriction. On the positive side, there is substantive evidence that for many individuals, low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets can effectively promote weight loss. Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) also can lead to favorable changes in blood lipids (i.e., decreased triacylglycerols, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and decrease the severity of hypertension. These positives should be balanced by consideration of the likelihood that LCDs often lead to decreased intakes of phytochemicals (which could increase predisposition to cardiovascular disease and cancer) and nondigestible carbohydrates (which could increase risk for disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract). Diets restricted in carbohydrates also are likely to lead to decreased glycogen stores, which could compromise an individual's ability to maintain high levels of physical activity. LCDs that are high in saturated fat appear to raise low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and may exacerbate endothelial dysfunction. However, for the significant percentage of the population with insulin resistance or those classified as having metabolic syndrome or prediabetes, there is much experimental support for consumption of a moderately restricted carbohydrate diet (i.e., one providing approximately 26%-44 % of calories from carbohydrate) that emphasizes high-quality carbohydrate sources. This type of dietary pattern would likely lead to favorable changes in the aforementioned cardiovascular disease risk factors, while minimizing the potential negatives associated with consumption of the more restrictive LCDs.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nutrition
          Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
          1873-1244
          0899-9007
          : 30
          : 7-8
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Electronic address: Liebman@uwyo.edu.
          Article
          S0899-9007(13)00549-2
          10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.021
          24984988
          78efa98c-9322-4f11-b4e4-78de54ad3673
          Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          History

          Cardiovascular risk factors,Insulin resistance,Low carbohydrate diets,Weight loss

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