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      Recent progress in electron transport layers for efficient perovskite solar cells

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          Abstract

          Thin-film photovoltaics based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite light absorbers have recently emerged as a promising low-cost solar energy harvesting technology.

          Abstract

          Thin-film photovoltaics based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite light absorbers have recently emerged as a promising low-cost solar energy harvesting technology. Over the past several years, we have witnessed a great and unexpected progress in organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from 3.8% to 20.1% and exceeded the highest efficiency of conventional dye-sensitized solar cells. Here, the focus is specifically on the recent developments of the electron transport layer (ETL) in PSCs, which is an important part for high performing PSCs. This review briefly discusses the development of the structure of PSCs, and we attempt to give a systematic introduction about the optimization of ETL and its related interfaces for efficient PSCs. Moreover, the introduction of appropriate interfacial materials is another important issue to improve PSC performance by optimizing the interfacial electronic properties between the perovskite layer and the charge-collecting electrode. Besides, some related issues such as device stability and hysteresis behavior are also discussed here.

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          Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells.

          Perovskite solar cells have rapidly risen to the forefront of emerging photovoltaic technologies, exhibiting rapidly rising efficiencies. This is likely to continue to rise, but in the development of these solar cells there are unusual characteristics that have arisen, specifically an anomalous hysteresis in the current-voltage curves. We identify this phenomenon and show some examples of factors that make the hysteresis more or less extreme. We also demonstrate stabilized power output under working conditions and suggest that this is a useful parameter to present, alongside the current-voltage scan derived power conversion efficiency. We hypothesize three possible origins of the effect and discuss its implications on device efficiency and future research directions. Understanding and resolving the hysteresis is essential for further progress and is likely to lead to a further step improvement in performance.
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            Highly Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells with Average Efficiency of 18.3% and Best Efficiency of 19.7% Fabricated via Lewis Base Adduct of Lead(II) Iodide.

            High efficiency perovskite solar cells were fabricated reproducibly via Lewis base adduct of lead(II) iodide. PbI2 was dissolved in N,N-dimethyformamide with equimolar N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and CH3NH3I. Stretching vibration of S═O appeared at 1045 cm(-1) for bare DMSO, which was shifted to 1020 and 1015 cm(-1) upon reacting DMSO with PbI2 and PbI2 + CH3NH3I, respectively, indicative of forming the adduct of PbI2·DMSO and CH3NH3I·PbI2·DMSO due to interaction between Lewis base DMSO and/or iodide (I(-)) and Lewis acid PbI2. Spin-coating of a DMF solution containing PbI2, CH3NH3I, and DMSO (1:1:1 mol %) formed a transparent adduct film, which was converted to a dark brown film upon heating at low temperature of 65 °C for 1 min due to removal of the volatile DMSO from the adduct. The adduct-induced CH3NH3PbI3 exhibited high charge extraction characteristics with hole mobility as high as 3.9 × 10(-3) cm(2)/(V s) and slow recombination rate. Average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.3% was achieved from 41 cells and the best PCE of 19.7% was attained via adduct approach.
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              Efficient organometal trihalide perovskite planar-heterojunction solar cells on flexible polymer substrates.

              Organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells offer the promise of a low-cost easily manufacturable solar technology, compatible with large-scale low-temperature solution processing. Within 1 year of development, solar-to-electric power-conversion efficiencies have risen to over 15%, and further imminent improvements are expected. Here we show that this technology can be successfully made compatible with electron acceptor and donor materials generally used in organic photovoltaics. We demonstrate that a single thin film of the low-temperature solution-processed organometal trihalide perovskite absorber CH3NH3PbI3-xClx, sandwiched between organic contacts can exhibit devices with power-conversion efficiency of up to 10% on glass substrates and over 6% on flexible polymer substrates. This work represents an important step forward, as it removes most barriers to adoption of the perovskite technology by the organic photovoltaic community, and can thus utilize the extensive existing knowledge of hybrid interfaces for further device improvements and flexible processing platforms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JMCAET
                Journal of Materials Chemistry A
                J. Mater. Chem. A
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                2050-7488
                2050-7496
                2016
                2016
                : 4
                : 11
                : 3970-3990
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China
                [2 ]School of Physics and Technology
                [3 ]Wuhan University
                [4 ]Wuhan 430072
                [5 ]PR China
                Article
                10.1039/C5TA09011C
                78f8381a-c76e-4537-b47c-2812f201f06b
                © 2016
                History

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