Psychoimmune Neuroendocrine Integrative Mechanisms Revisited

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Abstract

This review analyzes recent publications on the topic of psycho-immune-neuroendocrine integrative mechanisms. Results on the role of cytokines in cognitive processes and in a major neuroendocrine event, i.e. the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, are discussed, as are the effects of cytokines on central neurotransmission. The control of immune responses by local sympathetic nerves, a major pathway in neuroimmune communication, is discussed. This review also updates information indicating that melatonin is a circulating signal affecting the periodic organization of the immune response.

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Most cited references 25

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Melatonin increases antigen presentation and amplifies specific and non specific signals for T-cell proliferation.

Claudio Pioli, M.Cristina Caroleo, Giuseppe Nistico' … (1993)

Our preceding results have shown that melatonin administration to normal and immunodepressed mice increases significantly the antibody response. We also found that melatonin is able to restore the impaired T-helper cell activity in immunodepressed mice. The present study shows that melatonin enhances antigen presentation by splenic macrophages to T-cells. This effect is concomitant with an increase in the expression of MHC class II molecules and production of IL-1 and TNF-alpha. Considering the role of antigen presentation and cytokine production in the initiation of the immune response, the present findings provide evidence for relevant mechanisms that may account for the regulatory role of the pineal gland in immunoregulation.

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The Oxidant/Antioxidant Network: Role of Melatonin

RusselJ. Reiter, Dun-Xian Tan, Javier Cabrera … (1999)

Melatonin is now known to be a multifaceted free radical scavenger and antioxidant. It detoxifies a variety of free radicals and reactive oxygen intermediates including the hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite anion, singlet oxygen and nitric oxide. Additionally, it reportedly stimulates several antioxidative enzymes including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase; conversely, it inhibits a prooxidative enzyme, nitric oxide synthase. Melatonin also crosses all morphophysiological barriers, e.g., the blood-brain barrier, placenta, and distributes throughout the cell; these features increase the efficacy of melatonin as an antioxidant. Melatonin has been shown to markedly protect both membrane lipids and nuclear DNA from oxidative damage. In every experimental model in which melatonin has been tested, it has been found to resist macromolecular damage and the associated dysfunction associated with free radicals.

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Regulation of cytokine and chemokine production by transmitters and co-transmitters of the autonomic nervous system.

György Haskó, Csaba Szabo (1998)

The sympathetic nervous system innervates immune organs and, when activated, releases its signaling molecules in the vicinity of immune cells. The released molecules include the "classical" transmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine and the co-transmitters ATP and adenosine. Immune cells express various adrenergic and purinergic receptors that are sensitive to these molecules, and the production of immune/inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and free radicals) is modulated by activation of these receptors. Notably, the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, -10, and -12, and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha and the production of the free radical nitric oxide, produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase, have been shown to be altered by activation of these receptors. Alterations in the production of the immune mediators may contribute to the development of various diseases. On the other hand, novel experimental therapies based on the modulation of adrenergic or purinergic receptors on immune cells are emerging. Such approaches may have beneficial effects in limiting tissue injury and suppressing symptoms in certain pathophysiological states.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): BSI

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurosignals

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1424-862X

Title: Neurosignals

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 1424-862X

ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8638

Publication date Subscription-year: 2000

Publication date (Print): October 2000

Publication date (Electronic): 25 August 2000

Volume: 9

Issue: 5

Pages: 215-230

Affiliations

Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España

Article

Publisher ID: 14643 Other ID: Biol Signals Recept 2000;9:215–230

DOI: 10.1159/000014643

PubMed ID: 10965056

SO-VID: 791a1990-5eb8-4666-b799-6cddfc9bd8c1

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

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Authors: Gianluigi Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi Vendemiale, Angelo De Cata …

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Psychoimmune Neuroendocrine Integrative Mechanisms Revisited

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Abstract

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Karger: Neurology and Neuroscience

Most cited references 25

Melatonin increases antigen presentation and amplifies specific and non specific signals for T-cell proliferation.

The Oxidant/Antioxidant Network: Role of Melatonin

Regulation of cytokine and chemokine production by transmitters and co-transmitters of the autonomic nervous system.

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