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      Application of ultrasonographic human estimated foetal weight formulas to cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) at 129–132 days of gestation: A comparative study of estimated and actual birthweight

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          Abstract

          Background

          Cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) are essential in biomedical research, including reproductive studies. However, the application of human estimated foetal weight (EFW) formulas using ultrasonography (USG) in these non‐human primates is not well established.

          Objectives

          This study aims to evaluate the applicability of human EFW formulas for estimating foetal weight in cynomolgus monkeys at approximately 130 days of gestation.

          Methods

          Our study involved nine pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. We measured foetal parameters, including biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length using USG. The EFW was calculated using 11 human EFW formulas. The actual birthweight (ABW) was recorded following Cesarean section, the day after the EFW calculation. For comparing EFW and ABW, we employed statistical methods such as mean absolute percentage error (APE) and Bland–Altman analysis.

          Results

          The ABW ranged between 200.36 and 291.33 g. Among the 11 formulas, the Combs formula showed the lowest APE (4.3%) and highest correlation with ABW ( p < 0.001). Notably, EFW and ABW differences for the Combs formula were ≤5% in 66.7% and ≤10% in 100% of cases. The Bland–Altman analysis supported these results, showing that all cases fell within the limits of agreement.

          Conclusions

          The Combs formula is applicable for estimating the weight of cynomolgus monkey fetuses with USG at approximately 130 days of gestation. Our observations suggest that the Combs formula can be applied in the prenatal care and biomedical research of this species.

          Abstract

          Ultrasonography (USG) is a crucial tool in human prenatal care for determining gestational age and evaluating foetal development. In our study, we measured foetal parameters in cynomolgus monkey fetuses at around 130 days of gestation using USG and applied 11 human estimated foetal weight formulas. Among these, the Combs formula showed a mean absolute percentage error of 4.3% and performed excellently across various statistical analyses, suggesting its applicability in prenatal care and research for cynomolgus monkeys.

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          Most cited references74

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          Understanding Bland Altman analysis

          In a contemporary clinical laboratory it is very common to have to assess the agreement between two quantitative methods of measurement. The correct statistical approach to assess this degree of agreement is not obvious. Correlation and regression studies are frequently proposed. However, correlation studies the relationship between one variable and another, not the differences, and it is not recommended as a method for assessing the comparability between methods.
In 1983 Altman and Bland (B&A) proposed an alternative analysis, based on the quantification of the agreement between two quantitative measurements by studying the mean difference and constructing limits of agreement.
The B&A plot analysis is a simple way to evaluate a bias between the mean differences, and to estimate an agreement interval, within which 95% of the differences of the second method, compared to the first one, fall. Data can be analyzed both as unit differences plot and as percentage differences plot.
The B&A plot method only defines the intervals of agreements, it does not say whether those limits are acceptable or not. Acceptable limits must be defined a priori, based on clinical necessity, biological considerations or other goals.
The aim of this article is to provide guidance on the use and interpretation of Bland Altman analysis in method comparison studies.
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            Born Too Soon: The global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births

            This second paper in the Born Too Soon supplement presents a review of the epidemiology of preterm birth, and its burden globally, including priorities for action to improve the data. Worldwide an estimated 11.1% of all livebirths in 2010 were born preterm (14.9 million babies born before 37 weeks of gestation), with preterm birth rates increasing in most countries with reliable trend data. Direct complications of preterm birth account for one million deaths each year, and preterm birth is a risk factor in over 50% of all neonatal deaths. In addition, preterm birth can result in a range of long-term complications in survivors, with the frequency and severity of adverse outcomes rising with decreasing gestational age and decreasing quality of care. The economic costs of preterm birth are large in terms of immediate neonatal intensive care, ongoing long-term complex health needs, as well as lost economic productivity. Preterm birth is a syndrome with a variety of causes and underlying factors usually divided into spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm births. Consistent recording of all pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirths, and standard application of preterm definitions is important in all settings to advance both the understanding and the monitoring of trends. Context specific innovative solutions to prevent preterm birth and hence reduce preterm birth rates all around the world are urgently needed. Strengthened data systems are required to adequately track trends in preterm birth rates and program effectiveness. These efforts must be coupled with action now to implement improved antenatal, obstetric and newborn care to increase survival and reduce disability amongst those born too soon. Declaration This article is part of a supplement jointly funded by Save the Children's Saving Newborn Lives programme through a grant from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and March of Dimes Foundation and published in collaboration with the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and the World Health Organization (WHO). The original article was published in PDF format in the WHO Report "Born Too Soon: the global action report on preterm birth" (ISBN 978 92 4 150343 30), which involved collaboration from more than 50 organizations. The article has been reformatted for journal publication and has undergone peer review according to Reproductive Health's standard process for supplements and may feature some variations in content when compared to the original report. This co-publication makes the article available to the community in a full-text format.
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              Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements--a prospective study.

              In utero estimates of fetal weight were evaluated prospectively in 109 fetuses with the use of sonographic models developed in a previous study. This report confirms that the best in utero weight estimates result from the use of models based on measurements of head size, abdominal size, and femur length. Since the accuracy of these models (1 SD = 7.5%) is significantly better than those based on measurements of head and body (e.g., biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference), we recommend routine use of such models in obstetric sonography.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jkwon@jbnu.ac.kr
                cspark99@snu.ac.kr
                Journal
                Vet Med Sci
                Vet Med Sci
                10.1002/(ISSN)2053-1095
                VMS3
                Veterinary Medicine and Science
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2053-1095
                02 July 2024
                July 2024
                : 10
                : 4 ( doiID: 10.1002/vms3.v10.4 )
                : e1521
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Primate Resources Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Jeongeup Republic of Korea
                [ 2 ] Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine Jeonbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine Iksan Republic of Korea
                [ 3 ] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
                [ 4 ] Seoul National University Medical Research Center Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population Seoul Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Chan‐Wook Park, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.

                Email: cspark99@ 123456snu.ac.kr

                Jungkee Kwon, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine, 79 Gobong‐ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea.

                Email: jkwon@ 123456jbnu.ac.kr

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5528-026X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-4995
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9067-3537
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9214-7170
                Article
                VMS31521
                10.1002/vms3.1521
                11217594
                38952271
                792795e3-add6-4de1-9840-a54ada486d92
                © 2024 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 29 May 2024
                : 04 January 2024
                : 10 June 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Pages: 11, Words: 7080
                Funding
                Funded by: Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)
                Funded by: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
                Award ID: HI21C1871
                Funded by: Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
                Award ID: KGM5162423
                Categories
                Original Article
                OTHER
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                July 2024
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.4.5 mode:remove_FC converted:02.07.2024

                cynomolgus monkey,human estimated foetal weight formulas,pregnancy,ultrasonography

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