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      Programme zur Förderung kognitiver Fähigkeiten in Vorschule und Schule: Wie effektiv sind sie, und wie gut sind die Verfahren praktisch implementiert? Translated title: Training cognitive abilities in kindergartens and schools: How effective are these programs, and how well are they implemented in educational contexts?

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit neueren Trends bei der Entwicklung und Evaluation von kognitiven Trainingsprogrammen sowie ihrer Implementation in die pädagogisch-psychologische Praxis. Es wird konstatiert, dass die Fortschritte der letzten Jahrzehnte weniger in der theoretischen Weiterentwicklung basaler Konzepte als vielmehr in methodologischen Verbesserungen zu sehen sind. Im Hinblick auf die Trainingsinhalte finden sich unterschiedliche Ergebnistrends. Im Hinblick auf die Förderung von Gedächtnisstrategien ergaben sich mehrfach positive Effekte, leider jedoch keine Übertragung in publizierte Programme. Neue Studien fokussierten auf das Training des Arbeitsgedächtnisses, zeigten dabei kaum nennenswerte Effekte und wurden von daher auch selten als Programme publiziert. Die Situation im Hinblick auf das Training induktiven Denkens, der phonologischen Bewusstheit und der Lesekompetenz stellt sich im Vergleich deutlich positiver dar. Die Nachhaltigkeit der publizierten Programme konnte in allen genannten Bereich wiederholt demonstriert werden, wobei sich im Hinblick auf die Lesekompetenz besonders deutliche Auswirkungen für Lesestrategien zeigten. Nach wie vor zeigen sich jedoch Probleme bei dem Transfer wirksamer Programme in die pädagogisch-psychologische Praxis. Da nicht davon auszugehen ist, dass nachhaltig wirksame Fördermaßnahmen ohne weiteren Aufwand in die pädagogische Praxis übertragen werden können, werden sinnvolle Implementationsstrategien diskutiert. Es werden Empfehlungen für Vorgehensweisen gegeben, die eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Programmentwicklern, den jeweils involvierten Bildungsinstitutionen und den Personen (z. B. pädagogische Fachkräfte in Kindergärten und Schulen) implizieren. Diese sollten den nachhaltigen Einsatz effektiver Förderprogramme in pädagogischen Kontexten wahrscheinlicher machen.

          Training cognitive abilities in kindergartens and schools: How effective are these programs, and how well are they implemented in educational contexts?

          Abstract. This paper deals with recent progress regarding the development and evaluation of cognitive training programs, as well as with the issue of implementing these programs in educational contexts. The review of the literature indicates that major progress made during the past few decades relates to methodological accomplishments and not so much to theoretical advancements of basic concepts. Regarding the content of training programs, findings indicate that considerable progress has been made for some domains but not so much for others. For instance, the evidence on the effectiveness of memory trainings is mixed. Although it could be repeatedly shown that training programs focusing on memory strategies and meta-memory were successful, most of these approaches were not published. Recent studies focusing on the training of working memory have not been very successful and thus also did not lead to published programs. In comparison, it can be shown that the situation looks much better for training programs focusing on other cognitive domains such as inductive thinking, phonological awareness, and reading literacy. Long-term effectiveness could be demonstrated for most of these programs, and a large number of them also have been published during the past decades. For instance, the majority of programs focusing on reading literacy have shown that reading strategies can be improved considerably. Nonetheless, implementing successful training programs in educational contexts has proven difficult. Given that effective and positively evaluated programs are not necessarily transferred into educational context without additional effort, meaningful implementation strategies are discussed. Recommendations to overcome transfer problems are provided that emphasize close co-operations among researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in schools and kindergartens, and that should enhance chances for establishing successful programs in preschools and schools.

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          Most cited references31

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          Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring Activities

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              Memory plasticity across the life span: uncovering children's latent potential.

              Memory plasticity, or the ability to improve one's memory performance through instruction and training, is known to decline during adulthood. However, direct comparisons among middle childhood, adulthood, and old age are lacking. The authors examined memory plasticity in an age-comparative multisession training study. One hundred and eight participants ages 9-10, 11-12, 20-25, and 65-78 years learned and practiced an imagery-based mnemonic technique to encode and retrieve words by location cues. Individuals of all ages were able to acquire and optimize use of the technique. Older adults and children showed similar baseline performance and improvement through mnemonic instruction. However, in line with tenets from life-span psychology (P. B. Baltes, 1987), children profited more from mnemonic practice and reached higher levels of final performance than did older adults.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                zpp
                Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                1010-0652
                1664-2910
                Juni 2019
                : 33
                : 1
                : 5-16
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Institut für Psychologie, Universität Würzburg
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 10, 97070 Würzburg, schneider@ 123456psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de
                Article
                zpp_33_1_5
                10.1024/1010-0652/a000231
                79312840-0533-411a-a532-0b9ffeb5d369
                Copyright @ 2019
                History
                Categories
                Editorial

                Pediatrics,Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                phonological awareness,Training cognitive abilities,Vorschüler,Schulkinder,inductive thinking,memory trainings,reading literacy,kindergarteners,school children,Training kognitiver Fähigkeiten,Induktives Denken,Gedächtnistrainings,Studierende,phonologische Bewusstheit,Lesekompetenz

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