Social Functioning in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo

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Abstract

The current review summarizes the research to date on social functioning for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a focus on three key domains: peer rejection, friendship, and social information processing. The review extends past reviews by examining the research to date on how the presence of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms, a common correlate of ADHD, affects the social presentation of youth with ADHD. Overall, youth with ADHD show significant difficulty with peer rejection, forming and maintaining friendships, and abnormalities in how they process and respond to social information. Further, the presence of SCT symptoms results in great social withdrawal and isolation. Future studies are needed to better understand the social difficulties of youth with ADHD, particularly using experimental approaches that can manipulate and isolate mechanisms within the social information processing model. In addition, novel intervention approaches are needed to more effectively ameliorate the social difficulties of youth with ADHD and those with co-occurring SCT symptoms.

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Most cited references 70

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Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities.

Sarah Fischer, Laura R. Barkley, Lori Smallish … (2006)

The authors report the adaptive functioning of hyperactive and control children in southeastern Wisconsin (Milwaukee) followed to young adulthood. Interviews with participants concerning major life activities were collected between 1992 and 1996 and used along with employer ratings and high school records at the young adult follow-up (mean = 20 years, range 19-25) for this large sample of hyperactive (H; n = 149) and community control (CC; n = 72) children initially seen in 1978-1980 and studied for at least 13 years. Age, duration of follow-up, and IQ were statistically controlled as needed. The H group had significantly lower educational performance and attainment, with 32% failing to complete high school. H group members had been fired from more jobs and manifested greater employer-rated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and lower job performance than the CC group. Socially, the H group had fewer close friends, more trouble keeping friends, and more social problems as rated by parents. Far more H than CC group members had become parents (38% versus 4%) and had been treated for sexually transmitted disease (16% versus 4%). Severity of lifetime conduct disorder was predictive of several of the most salient outcomes (failure to graduate, earlier sexual intercourse, early parenthood) whereas attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder at work were predictive of job performance and risk of being fired. These findings corroborate prior research and go further in identifying sexual activity and early parenthood as additional problematic domains of adaptive functioning at adulthood.

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Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development.

Thomas Dishion, Jessica Tipsord (2011)

In this article, we examine the construct of peer contagion in childhood and adolescence and review studies of child and adolescent development that have identified peer contagion influences. Evidence suggests that children's interactions with peers are tied to increases in aggression in early and middle childhood and amplification of problem behaviors such as drug use, delinquency, and violence in early to late adolescence. Deviancy training is one mechanism that accounts for peer contagion effects on problem behaviors from age 5 through adolescence. In addition, we discuss peer contagion relevant to depression in adolescence, and corumination as an interactive process that may account for these effects. Social network analyses suggest that peer contagion underlies the influence of friendship on obesity, unhealthy body images, and expectations. Literature is reviewed that suggests how peer contagion effects can undermine the goals of public education from elementary school through college and impair the goals of juvenile corrections systems. In particular, programs that "select" adolescents at risk for aggregated preventive interventions are particularly vulnerable to peer contagion effects. It appears that a history of peer rejection is a vulnerability factor for influence by peers, and adult monitoring, supervision, positive parenting, structure, and self-regulation serve as protective factors.

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Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact on quality of life.

Peter Wehmeier, Alexander Schacht, Russell A Barkley (2010)

This review provides an overview as to how the social and emotional impairments involved in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder affect the quality of life of patients and their families. A model of three categories into which the emotional difficulties fall, and how they impair quality of life, is also presented.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Yale J Biol Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Yale J Biol Med

Journal ID (pmc): yjbm

Journal ID (publisher-id): YJBM

Title: The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

Publisher: YJBM

ISSN (Print): 0044-0086

ISSN (Electronic): 1551-4056

Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2019

Publication date Collection: March 2019

Volume: 92

Issue: 1

Pages: 29-35

Affiliations

[a ]University of Alabama, Department of Psychology, Tuscaloosa, AL

[b ]Roanoke College, Department of Psychology, Salem, VA

Author notes

[* ]To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Matthew Jarrett, University of Alabama, Department of Psychology, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; Tel: 205-348-0629; Fax: 205-348-8648; Email: majarrett@ 123456ua.edu .

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Publisher ID: yjbm92129

PMC ID: 6430168

SO-VID: 794635e4-0fa9-4476-8b50-3e1c21699cc0

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way.

Social Functioning in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo

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Most cited references 70

Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities.

Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development.

Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact on quality of life.

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